Thirteen volatile compounds were identified from Flemingia macrophylla plants.  Eight major components significantly attracted the tea green leafhoppers, Empoasca flavescens F.  Based on their relative abundances, following synthetic blends were made for field experiments: 1) eight-component-attractant blend included Z-3-hexen-1-ol, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-ocimene, MeSA, Z-3-hexenyl butyrate, dodecane, hexadecane and nonanal at 10, 10, 1, 11, 2, 6, 2 and 4 mg mL^–1 in n-hexane, respectively; 2) four-component-attractant blend #1 contained hexadecane, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-3-hexen-1-ol and nonanal at 2, 10, 10 and 4 mg mL^–1 in n-hexane, respectively; 3) four-component-attractant blend #2 contained hexadecane, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-3-hexen-1-ol and MeSA at 2, 10, 10 and 11 mg mL^–1 in n-hexane, respectively.  Thymol and 1-methoxy-4-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-benzene, identified from Lavandula angustifolia aeration samples, significantly repelled the leafhopper as strong repellents when tested alone or in combination at 10 mg mL^–1.  For field bioassays, each attractant lure was attached to a bud green sticky board hung from a bamboo stick at above tea plant level for catching the leafhoppers, whereas the repellent dispenser was tied to a tea branch inside tea clump for pushing the leafhoppers away from tea clumps.  The results showed that the eight-component-attractant blend caught similar numbers of the leafhopper as did the four-component-attractant blend #1 at about 53–79 leafhoppers/trap/day, which were significantly higher than those on the hexane-control bud green sticky boards.  Average leafhopper catches from un-baited sticky boards were about 51–73 leafhoppers/trap/day when pushed by the repellents placed inside tea plants, with the two-component-repellent blend being more effective than their single components.  When the two-component-repellent blend was further tested with the three attractant blends in a push-pull fashion, average trap catches ranged from 62 to 92 leafhoppers/trap/day.  Control efficacy on the leafhoppers within the push-pull zones increased progressively from day 1 (43%) to day 5 (73%).  This push-pull approach might have a great potential as a green control strategy for combating the tea green leafhoppers. 

The growth and yield of peanut are negatively affected by continuous cropping.  Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and calcium ions (Ca²⁺) have been used to improve stress resistance in other plants, but little is known about their roles in peanut seedling growth under continuous cropping.  This study investigated the possible roles of the AMF Glomus mosseae combined with exogenous Ca²⁺ in improving the physiological responses of peanut seedlings under continuous cropping.  G. mosseae combined with exogenous Ca²⁺ can enhance plant biomass, Ca²⁺ level, and total chlorophyll content.  Under exogenous Ca²⁺ application, the F_v/F_m in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plant leaves was higher than that in the control plants when they were exposed to high irradiance levels.  The peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities in AM plant leaves also reached their maximums, and accordingly, the malondialdehyde content was the lowest compared to other treatments.  Additionally, root activity, and content of total phenolics and flavonoids were significantly increased in AM plant roots treated by Ca²⁺ compared to either G. mosseae inoculation or Ca²⁺ treatment alone.  Transcription levels of AhCaM, AhCDPK, AhRAM1, and AhRAM2 were significantly improved in AM plant roots under exogenous Ca²⁺ treatment.  This implied that exogenous Ca²⁺ might be involved in the regulation of G. mosseae colonization of peanut plants, and in turn, AM symbiosis might activate the Ca²⁺ signal transduction pathway.  The combination of AMF and Ca²⁺ benefitted plant growth and development under continuous cropping, suggesting that it is a promising method to cope with the stress caused by continuous cropping.