开花期高温对不同基因型籼稻开花授粉的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】分析开花期高温对不同基因型籼稻的花粉粒吸胀膨大、花药开裂、花粉粒残留和雌蕊柱头捕获花粉粒数量等开花授粉性状的影响，解析开花期高温诱导水稻颖花不育的原因。【方法】不同基因型籼稻种质通过错期播种种植于江西南昌，使高温处理在8月上旬的自然高温条件下同期开花、冠层处气温36.5―37.8 ℃，使适温对照在9月中旬的适温条件下同期开花、冠层处气温30.8―32.5 ℃。调查并比较高温对不同基因型籼稻的颖花育性、花粉粒吸胀膨大、花药开裂、花粉粒残留、雌蕊柱头捕获花粉粒数量等开花授粉性状的影响。【结果】水稻在高温条件下开花时，供试种质江西吉安丝苗、粤香占和黄广油占等表现高温钝感，颖花育性分别为91.6%、89.2%和87.9%；而水稻种质珍富、玉针香、IR64和密阳46则表现高温敏感，颖花育性依次为55.2%、60.3%、61.1%和73.2%，极显著或显著低于对照。高温敏感种质珍富、玉针香、IR64和密阳46在高温条件下开花时的花粉粒吸胀膨大率依次为1.99%、1.16%、1.12%和2.70%，极显著小于对照；而其余供试种质在高温和适温条件下的花粉粒吸胀膨大率无显著差异。高温条件下，高温敏感种质珍富、玉针香、IR64和密阳46的花药裂口长度相对花药总长度的百分率为66.0%、45.4%、48.7%和63.6%，极显著或显著小于对照，花药中花粉粒残留量也明显多于对照；而其他供试种质在高温和适温下的花药裂口长度与花粉粒残留量均无明显差异。高温条件下，高温敏感种质的雌蕊单个柱头捕获花粉粒数量平均为20粒，极显著低于对照；而其余供试种质在高温和适温条件下捕获的花粉粒数量无显著差异。【结论】开花期高温抑制水稻花粉粒吸胀膨大、影响花药正常开裂、增加花粉粒“黏性”，从而阻碍花粉粒从花药中散落至雌蕊柱头，减少雌蕊柱头捕获有效花粉粒数量，造成水稻颖花不育而降低结实率。

关键词: 水稻, 开花期, 高温胁迫, 开花, 授粉

Abstract:

【Objective】 To elucidate the causes of high-temperature stress inducing rice floret infertility, the present study analyzed the effects of high-temperature stresses on pollen release related traits including pollen grain swelling, anther dehiscence, pollen grain residue in anther and pollen grain deposition on the stigma of the differential genotypes Indica at anthesis. 【Method】Indica germplasms were sown in batches and cultivated in the Nanchang region, Jiangxi Province, China. The rice plants flowering at natural high-temperature environments on early August with 36.5-37.8 ℃ canopy temperature was used as treatments, and the rice plants flowering at suitable environments on middle September with 30.8-32.5 ℃ canopy temperature were used as controls. The pollen release related traits, such as pollen grain swelling, anther dehiscence, pollen grain residue in anther and pollen grain deposition on the stigma from treatments and controls, were detected and analyzed. 【Result】 After flowering under high-temperature stress, the rice germplasms Jiangxijiansimiao, Yuexiangzhan and Huangguangyouzhan show high-temperature tolerant at anthesis, and the floret fertility rates are 91.6%, 89.2% and 87.9%, respectively; while the germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 show high-temperature sensitive at anthesis, and the floret fertility rates are just 55.2%, 60.3%, 61.1% and 73.2%, which are very significantly or significantly lower than that of its corresponding controls. Under high-temperature environments, the pollen grain swelling rates for the high-temperature sensitive germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 are just 1.99%, 1.16%, 1.12% and 2.70%, which are very significant smaller than that of its corresponding controls; while the pollen grain swelling rates of the other germplasms show no significant difference between treatment and its corresponding control. Under high-temperature environments, the rates of anther dehiscence length in total anther length for the high-temperature sensitive germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 are respective 66.0%, 45.4%, 48.7% and 63.6%, which are very significantly or significantly shorter than that of the corresponding controls, and the pollen grain residue are obvious more than that of the corresponding controls; while the anther dehiscence length rates and the pollen grain residue from the other germplasms show no significant difference between treatments and controls. After flowering under high-temperature environments, the average pollen grain number deposited on one stigma of the sensitive germplasms were about 20, which were significant less than that of the controls; while the average pollen grain number deposited on one stigma of the other rice germplasms show no significant difference between treatments and controls. 【Conclusion】 The high-temperature stresses inhibit the pollen grain swelling, effect the anther normal dehiscence, increase the pollen viscidity to impede the pollen grain releasing from anther and decrease the pollen grain number scattering on the stigma, inducing rice floret infertility and decreasing the seed set.

Key words: rice, anthesis, high-temperature stress, flowering, pollination

杜思琪, 温育纶, 宁力兴, 尹晓雨, 王淑芬, 宋海燕, 王兆海, 李炜星, 廖江林. 开花期高温对不同基因型籼稻开花授粉的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(10): 1867-1877.

DU SiQi, WEN YuLun, NING LiXing, YIN XiaoYu, WANG ShuFen, SONG HaiYan, WANG ZhaoHai, LI WeiXing, LIAO JiangLin. Effects on Pollen Release Related Traits of the Differential Genotypes Indica by High-Temperature Stress at Anthesis[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(10): 1867-1877.

图/表 4

图1

表1

水稻在高温和适温环境下开花时的开花授粉相关性状"

水稻种质名称 Germplasm name	开花时间段的冠层处平均气温 Average canopy temperature (℃)		平均可育颖花率 Average spikelet fertility rate (%)		花粉粒吸胀膨大率 Pollen grain swelling rate (%)		花药裂口长度相对花药总长度的百分比 Percentage of the anther dehiscence to anther length (%)		柱头捕获花粉粒数量 Pollen grain number on stigma
水稻种质名称 Germplasm name	T	C	T	C	T	C	T	C	T	C
江西吉安丝苗 JiangxiJi’ansimiao	37.3	32.7	91.6±2.1	92.4±1.7	13.25±0.13	11.39±0.11	84.3±1.7	85.5±1.9	34.4±0.5	39.8±0.7
粤香占 Yuexiangzhan	37.3	32.7	89.2±1.2	93.8±2.0	7.31±0.06	9.78±0.08	82.8±1.5	87.2±1.8	35.4±0.9	65.4±1.3
黄广油占 Huangguangyouzhan	37.2	32.4	87.9±1.3	91.3±1.8	6.75±0.03	6.81±0.04	85.1±1.7	84.0±1.7	33.6±0.7	35.4±0.9
华占 Huazhan	37.2	32.4	86.9±1.1	91.8±1.8	6.35±0.02	5.70±0.04	78.2±1.4	81.8±1.5	31.6±0.5	32.6±0.7
浓香39 Nongxiang39	37.1	32.3	86.3±1.3	91.8±2.0	7.88±0.05	6.97±0.06	79.1±1.3	78.6±1.4	31.8±0.4	52.2±1.3
华丝占 Huasizhan	37.1	32.3	85.9±1.4	87.8±0.9	8.53±0.07	9.34±0.08	79.4±1.3	79.6±1.5	39.6±0.7	56.4±1.2
七银占 Qiyinzhan	37.1	32.3	85.2±1.2	88.3±1.1	6.27±0.04	7.84±0.05	78.6±1.2	77.2±1.4	35.8±0.9	46.4±1.3
广新占 Guangxinzhan	37.1	32.3	82.9±1.0	92.1±1.7	7.15±0.04	10.17±0.12	77.8±1.3	76.1±1.1	33.2±0.6	37.0±0.9
黄籼占 Huangxianzhan	37.3	32.7	82.9±0.8	94.6±1.9	6.30±0.03	6.71±0.05	82.2±1.4	84.2±1.6	35.0±0.9	41.0±1.3
美香占2号 Meixiangzhan2	37.2	32.4	82.8±0.9	88.6±1.6	7.16±0.03	5.65±0.03	83.0±1.1	83.3±1.6	38.6±0.9	36.0±0.6
19香 19xiang	36.9	32.2	81.5±0.9	83.1±1.2	8.75±0.05	7.08±0.06	81.2±1.3	84.3±1.7	32.6±0.5	58.0±1.6
密阳46 Miyang46	37.1	32.3	73.2±1.0*	87.6±1.3	2.70±0.03**	8.74±0.06	63.6±1.0*	80.5±1.5	20.6±0.3**	51.2±1.7
IR64 International rice 64	36.9	32.2	61.1±0.9**	89.4±1.5	1.12±0.02**	10.83±0.11	48.7±0.7**	85.1±1.6	20.0±0.3**	54.2±1.3
玉针香 Yuzhenxiang	37.1	32.3	60.3±0.9**	80.4±1.2	1.16±0.02**	7.72±0.04	45.4±0.8**	82.8±1.5	20.0±0.3**	36.8±0.7
珍富 Zhenfu	36.9	32.2	55.2±0.7**	82.5±1.1	1.99±0.03**	12.80±0.11	66.0±0.9*	85.2±1.6	21.2±0.4**	51.4±1.7

表1

图2

图3

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