新型土壤消毒一体机提高棉隆土壤分布均匀性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.12.008

中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (12): 2570-2580.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.12.008

新型土壤消毒一体机提高棉隆土壤分布均匀性

方文生¹(),曹坳程¹(),王秋霞¹,颜冬冬¹,李园¹,靳茜²,赵奇龙^3,⁴,仇耀康⁵,赵宏明⁵

¹中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京 100193
²中国农业科学院植物保护研究所-保定学院土壤修复联合中心,河北保定 071000
³安徽春晖生态环境科技有限公司,安徽芜湖 241000
⁴春晖（上海）农业科技发展股份有限公司,上海 200135
⁵江苏南通施壮化工有限公司,江苏南通 226000

收稿日期:2020-08-20 接受日期:2020-09-25 出版日期:2021-06-16 发布日期:2021-06-24
通讯作者: 曹坳程
作者简介:方文生,E-mail：fws0128@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0201600);国家自然科学基金(31972313);国家自然科学基金(32001952);现代农业产业技术体系北京市创新团队(BAIC01-2017);中国博士后科学基金(2019M660895)

A New Integrated Soil Disinfection Machine Improves the Uniformity of Dazomet in Soil

FANG WenSheng¹(),CAO AoCheng¹(),WANG QiuXia¹,YAN DongDong¹,LI Yuan¹,JIN Xi²,ZHAO QiLong^3,⁴,QIU YaoKang⁵,ZHAO HongMing⁵

¹Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193
²Joint Center of Soil Remediation of Baoding University and Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoding 071000, Hebei
³Anhui Chunhui Ecological Environment Technology Co. LTD, Wuhu 241000, Anhui
⁴Chunhui (Shanghai) Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., LTD, Shanghai 200135
⁵Jiangsu Nantong Shizhuang Chemical Co. LTD, Nantong 226000, Jiangsu

Received:2020-08-20 Accepted:2020-09-25 Online:2021-06-16 Published:2021-06-24
Contact: AoCheng CAO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】棉隆是我国应用面积和使用量最大的固态土壤熏蒸剂,对土传病原菌、线虫、地下害虫及杂草均具有优异的防治效果。但棉隆施用靠手撒方式进行,极易造成药剂漂移、土壤分布不均匀,导致药量少的地方熏蒸效果下降,而药量大的地方出现药害。提高施药技术、开发高效安全的施药器械是棉隆应用的必经之路。本研究通过土壤消毒一体机进行棉隆施药,增加药剂施药深度、改善棉隆土层分布均匀性。【方法】结合田间熏蒸及室内培养试验,采用顶空进样技术及气质联用检测技术分析气体异硫氰酸甲酯（MITC）及土壤残存MITC在0—40 cm不同深度土层的垂直分布特征,结合特异性选择培养基对土传致病菌镰孢菌属、疫霉菌属进行分离培养计数定量、分析0—40 cm不同深度土层致病菌发生情况,评估新型土壤消毒一体机进行棉隆施药后,药剂在不同深度土层（0—40 cm）的分布均匀性及对病原物的防治效果。【结果】安徽、山西、河北三地熏蒸试验均表明,棉隆机施模式下,药剂均匀分布于0—40 cm深度土层,气态及土壤存留MITC溶度分别为1.46—3.02、18.67—26.27 μg/g土,且各深度土层间MITC溶度无显著差异;而棉隆手撒模式下,无论是气态MITC还是土壤存留MITC均主要集中在0—10 cm深度土层,20—40 cm土层未检测到这两种形态MITC;提高棉隆用量,不能增加手撒模式下20—40 cm深度土层MITC溶度,但显著增加0—10 cm及机施模式下0—40 cm深度各土层MITC溶度。对病原菌防治效果结果表明,机施模式下0—40 cm深度各土层镰孢菌属及疫霉菌属减退率达90%—100%,而手撒模式下表层土壤（0—10 cm）疫霉菌属和镰孢菌属减退率达90%—100%、但20—40 cm深度土层病原物减退率低于43%。棉隆40与60 g·m^-2处理对疫霉菌防治效果无显著差异。【结论】新型土壤消毒一体机可大幅提高棉隆在不同深度土层的分布均匀性,同时显著增加深层土壤（20—40 cm）病原菌的防治效果。提高棉隆用量显著增加机施模式下各深度土层药剂含量。

关键词: 土壤熏蒸, 棉隆, 消毒器械, 土传病害, 异硫氰酸甲酯

Abstract:

【Objective】Dazomet is the granular soil fumigant with the largest applied area and used amount in China, which has excellent control effect on soil-borne pathogens, nematode, underground insects and weeds. However, dazomet application through hand can easily lead to drug drift and uneven soil distribution, which significantly reducing the fumigation effects. Therefore, it is high time to find an efficient and safe application technology of dazomet. In this study, an integrated soil disinfection machine was applied to increase the depth of pesticide application and improve the distribution uniformity of soil layer of dazomet.【Method】The field fumigation was combined with indoor culture experiments to evaluate the distribution uniformity of the fumigant in different depth layers (0-40 cm) as well as the control effects on Fusarium and Phytophthora following dazomet fumigation by a new integrated soil disinfection machine (NIM). The headspace sampling and GC-MS were used to investigate the vertical distribution characteristics of gas methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and residual MITC in soil at different depths of 0-40 cm. The specific culture medium was used to isolate the soil-borne pathogens of Fusarium and Phytophthora in soil, and then the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria at different depths of 0-40 cm were analyzed.【Result】The fumigation tests in Anhui, Shanxi and Hebei all showed that, under the model of machine application, fumigant dazomet was evenly distributed in 0-40 cm deep soil layer, the concentration of MITC in gas and in soil was 1.46-3.02 and 18.67-26.27 μg/g soil, respectively, and there was no significant difference in MITC solubility among different deep soil layers. However, in the hand-sprinkling mode, dazomet was mainly distributed in 0-10 cm deep soil layer, and no MITC was detected in 20-40 cm deep soil layer. In addition, MITC solubility in 20-40 cm deep soil layer could not be increased by increasing dazomet application dosage under the hand-sprinkling mode, but MITC solubility in 0-10 cm deep soil layer under the hand-sprinkling mode and 0-40 cm deep soil layer under the machine application mode was significantly increased. Furthermore, the results showed that the decrease rate of Fusarium and Phytophthora at 0-40 cm depth was 90%-100% under machine application mode, while the decrease rate at 20-40 cm depth was less than 43% under hand-sprinkling mode. Even though the decrease rate of Fusarium and Phytophthora was as much as 90%-100% at 0-10 cm depth under hand-sprinkling mode. There was no significant difference on Phytophthora control effect between 40 and 60 g·m^-2 dazoment application dosage.【Conclusion】The new soil disinfection machine in this study can effectively improve dazomst soil distribution uniformity and increase the prevention and control effects of soil pathogens in the deep soil layer. The pesticide content at each depth soil layer was significantly increased under the machine application mode when dazoment application was increased.

Key words: soil fumigation, dazomet, disinfecting apparatus, soil-borne disease, methyl isothiocyanate (MITC)

方文生,曹坳程,王秋霞,颜冬冬,李园,靳茜,赵奇龙,仇耀康,赵宏明. 新型土壤消毒一体机提高棉隆土壤分布均匀性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(12): 2570-2580.

FANG WenSheng,CAO AoCheng,WANG QiuXia,YAN DongDong,LI Yuan,JIN Xi,ZHAO QiLong,QIU YaoKang,ZHAO HongMing. A New Integrated Soil Disinfection Machine Improves the Uniformity of Dazomet in Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(12): 2570-2580.

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	含水量 Water content (%)	pH (1﹕2.5)	电导率 Conductivity (μs·cm^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)
山西运城 Yuncheng, Shanxi	16.2	8.4	289.5	16.1	2.4	150.1	259.3	20.0
河北满城 Mancheng, Hebei	29.6	7.8	350.0	36.0	1.6	381.1	490.6	18.0
安徽长丰 Changfeng, Anhui	23.4	7.3	314.6	36.9	10.1	404.2	422.5	12.3

		安徽Anhui			山西Shanxi			河北Hebei
		CK	手撒-40 Hand-40	机施-40 Machine-40	CK	手撒-40 Hand-40	机施-40 Machine-40	CK	手撒-40 Hand-40	机施-40 Machine-40	手撒-60 Hand-60	机施-60 Machine-60
镰孢菌 Fusarium	5 cm	1600±120	0	0	100±20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	10 cm	1740±135	0	0	140±35	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	20 cm	1440±127	0	0	140±27	80±25 (43%)	0	0	0	0	0	0
	30 cm	600±120	450±20 (25%a)	0	100±20	120±22 (-20%)	0	0	0	0	0	0
	40 cm	500±130	370±14 (26%a)	0	100±30	165±45 (-65%)	0	0	0	0	0	0
疫霉菌 Phytophthora	5 cm	3600±302	0	0	1600±200	0	0	1920±230	0	0	0	0
	10 cm	6520±250	590±310 (91%a)	0	1520±105	0	0	1880±405	0	0	0	0
	20 cm	7920±270	2748±280 (65%b)	145±25 (98%a)	1920±205	500±60 (74%a)	0	1700±106	600±45 (65%a)	133±11 (92%a)	578±22 (66%a)	137±22 (92%a)
	30 cm	1660±350	1660±210 (0%d)	140±35 (92%a)	660±50	600±80 (1%c)	0	1660±115	853±40 (48%b)	138±25 (92%a)	984±35 (41%b)	158±45 (90%a)
	40 cm	1000±330	780±320 (22%c)	0	1000±140	800±50 (20%b)	0	1050±112	670±30 (36%c)	102±12 (90%a)	596±23 (43%b)	28±18 (97%a)

新型土壤消毒一体机提高棉隆土壤分布均匀性

A New Integrated Soil Disinfection Machine Improves the Uniformity of Dazomet in Soil

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