兽用抗生素污染特点与控制技术

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.S.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 抗生素总消耗量中一半以上被用于畜禽养殖业，畜禽养殖业带来的抗生素污染已引起了人们广泛关注。近年来，大量学者报道兽用抗生素在不同环境介质中的残留浓度，并集中于抗生素去除技术的研究，但对其污染特点的总结与分析鲜有报道，并忽略了抗生素的源头控制。文章总结了兽用抗生素的污染分布特点，综述其去除方法，提出抗生素污染控制方案。通过分析兽用抗生素随地域、畜种、季节等因素的变化，得出兽用抗生素的污染特点，通过分析抗生素现有去除方法，指出今后的控制技术的发展方向。结论如下：中国东部地区兽用抗生素的残留浓度较大，且四环素类抗生素具有统一的大小关系，均为土霉素>金霉素>四环素，南方或北方地区抗生素的残留浓度相对较小，且3种四环素类抗生素不具有一致的大小规律；从不同畜种粪便中抗生素的残留规律发现，生猪养殖业往往具有最大的抗生素残留浓度；此外，从不同季节畜禽粪便中抗生素的残留规律来看，温度较低的冬季抗生素污染浓度高于夏季。展望中提出，兽用抗生素污染控制需要全面行动，首先，根据兽用抗生素污染特点，提出针对不同区域、季节、畜种制定不同的源头控制策略；其次，加快寻找抗生素替代品的步伐；第三，建立抗生素在养殖业的精准施加，节制其使用量；最后，针对抗生素现有控制技术，提出“优先去除”，即在兽用抗生素散播入环境前，通过磁性吸附或催化氧化等高效物化方法将其去除，不仅能够有效防止抗生素随畜禽粪便和污水进一步迁移至环境，而且不影响粪污的进一步利用，同时，提出兽用抗生素的去除技术应以降解机理和中间产物的确定为研究重点，并且今后研究应以实际畜禽养殖废弃物为研究对象。总之，兽用抗生素的污染特点可以为畜禽养殖业抗生素污染控制提供参考作用。

关键词: 抗生素, 养殖业, 污染特点, 源头控制

Abstract: At present, more and more attention has been paid on the antibiotics pollution. About more than a half of the total antibiotics is used in livestock breeding industry. Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) have become an important source for global antibiotics pollution. Nowadays, increasing number of studies reported on the residual concentration of veterinary antibiotics under different conditions and in different environmental matrixs. However, the pollution characteristics of veterinary antibiotics have not been analyzed. Although various VAs removal technologies were studied, it is important to propose an appropriate source control technology. On the basis of existing data, the paper analyzed the pollution characteristics of VAs. Meanwhile, it also analyzed the present control technologies of VAs and pointed out the tendency of VAs pollution controlling. The results are as follow: The most developed economic areas in China (usually East China) have higher residual concentration of VAs, and the order of TCs is OTC>CTC>TC; South China usually has lower VAs residual concentration and different prescription habits with other areas. Although different results from different authors, pig usually has higher residual concentration of VAs in excrement which should be paid more attention. For most VAs, they had much lower concentrations in summer than those in winter, but some SAs in contrast. Therefore, according to the characteristics of VAs pollution, different source control strategies can be established. The succedaneum of VAs is the essential way to control VAs usage. In addition, the precise usage of VAs is a helpful way. Although various VAs removal technologies were studied, the control technology should focus on the prior removal by magnetic adsorbent or catalyzed oxidation before VAs spreading into environment. Moreover, degradation mechanism and intermediate products should be emphasized in the later research work. This will provide a theoretical foundation for source control and removal technology of VAs.

Key words: antibiotics, livestock breeding industry, pollution characteristics, source control

支苏丽，张克强. 兽用抗生素污染特点与控制技术[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(S): 104-112.

ZHI Su-li, ZHANG Ke-qiang. Antibiotics Pollution Characteristics and Control of Livestock Breeding Industry[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(S): 104-112.

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