中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (1): 91-100.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.007

• 植物保护 • 上一篇    下一篇

河南省冬小麦田杂草群落分布现状及其变化原因分析

高兴祥1(), 孔媛1, 张耀中2, 李美1,*(), 李健1, 金岩2, 张国福2, 刘帅帅1, 刘明平1, 曾艳1, 柏连阳3,*()   

  1. 1 山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/山东省农业有害生物绿色防控重点实验室,济南 250100
    2 山东省农药检定所,济南 250100
    3 湖南省农业科学院杂草生物学及安全防控生物学湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410125
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-04 接受日期:2024-08-28 出版日期:2025-01-01 发布日期:2025-01-07
  • 通信作者:
    李美,E-mail:
    柏连阳,E-mail:
  • 联系方式: 高兴祥,E-mail:xingxiang02@163.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1400500)

Analysis on Distribution and Change of Weed Community in Winter Wheat Field in Henan Province

GAO XingXiang1(), KONG Yuan1, ZHANG YaoZhong2, LI Mei1,*(), LI Jian1, JIN Yan2, ZHANG GuoFu2, LIU ShuaiShuai1, LIU MingPing1, ZENG Yan1, BAI LianYang3,*()   

  1. 1 Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Key Laboratory for Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Pests, Ji’nan 250100
    2 Shandong Province Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ji’nan 250100
    3 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Weeds, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125
  • Received:2024-08-04 Accepted:2024-08-28 Published:2025-01-01 Online:2025-01-07

摘要:

【目的】过去10年,河南省6个冬小麦种植区杂草群落结构发生了明显变化,明确河南省6大冬小麦种植区域杂草群落演替规律,并分析其演替原因,为制定冬小麦田杂草精准防控策略提供理论依据。【方法】于2023年11—12月,采用倒“W”型九点取样法,调查河南省17市共计378个地块的冬小麦田杂草种类和株数,明确河南省6大冬小麦种植区杂草群落现状,并与2013年调查结果比较,分析10年来的杂草群落变化规律。【结果】河南省冬小麦田杂草群落现状及变化有以下特点:(1)禾本科杂草发展迅速,节节麦(Aegilops tauschii)、多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、雀麦(Bromus japonicus)和大穗看麦娘(Alopecurus myosuroides)从局部区域逐步向全省扩散蔓延,目前几乎覆盖全省的各大种植区域,其中节节麦和雀麦主要发生在旱茬麦田。2013年这4种杂草的相对优势度排序分别是第14、15、27和35位,2023年相对优势度分别位居第2、5、8和15位。(2)猪殃殃(Galium aparine)和波斯婆婆纳(Veronica persica)是河南省冬小麦田主要的阔叶杂草,2023年相对优势度分别高达26.89%和10.68%。其中猪殃殃相对优势度10年来均居于第1位,且在旱茬麦田和稻茬麦田均能造成巨大危害,波斯婆婆纳从第6位上升为第3位。(3)猪殃殃、节节麦、波斯婆婆纳和播娘蒿(Descurainia sophia)目前成为河南省冬小麦田的绝对优势杂草。2013年相对优势度超过10%的只有猪殃殃和荠菜(Capsella bursa-pastoris),分别为17.38%和10.92%;2023年相对优势度超过10%的有猪殃殃、节节麦、波斯婆婆纳和播娘蒿,分别为26.89%、13.45%、10.68%和10.65%。(4)宝盖草(Lamium amplexicaule)、野芥菜(Raphanus raphanistrum)、牛繁缕(Malachium aquaticum)、泽漆(Euphorbia helioscopia)、麦家公(Lithospermum arvense)、野老鹳草(Geranium carolinianum)等杂草在局部区域危害大,此外稻槎菜(Lapsana apogonoides)、通泉草(Mazus japonicus)、看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)等区域性危害杂草主要分布于稻茬麦田。【结论】耕作制度变化、恶性杂草传播入侵和杂草抗药性发展是造成河南省冬小麦田杂草群落变化的主要因素,联合收割机跨区作业和人类无意识携带传播也是推动杂草群落变化的重要因素。在河南省冬小麦田杂草防控中,应推广土壤封闭处理除草剂和苗后茎叶处理除草剂与农艺措施相结合、根据不同种植区域田间草相精准选择除草剂以及不同机理除草剂轮换使用等区域杂草综合防控策略。

关键词: 河南省, 杂草群落, 冬小麦田, 群落演替

Abstract:

【Objective】In the past 10 years, the weed communities in the winter wheat fields in Henan Province have changed significantly. The objective of this study is to clarify the succession of weed communities in the six major planting areas in Henan Province, analyze the reasons of weed succession, and to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of accurate control strategy of weeds in winter wheat fields.【Method】A total of 378 plots in 17 cities of Henan Province were sampled from November to December in the 2023 to investigate the weed species and weed number in winter wheat fields, compared with the results of 2013, the weed community composition in six major planting areas of winter wheat fields in Henan Province was determined, and the weed community change law was analyzed.【Result】The characteristics of weed communities in winter wheat fields in Henan Province were: (1) Gramineous weeds developed rapidly, Aegilops tauschii, Lolium multiflorum, Bromus japonicas, and Alopecurus myosuroides gradually spread from the local area to the whole province, almost covering the whole province major planting areas at present. Among them, A. tauschii and B. japonicus mainly occurred in dry-stubble wheat fields. In 2013, 14th, 15th, 27th and 35th relative abundances of the four weeds were ranked, respectively, but relative abundances ranked 2nd, 5th, 8th and 15th, respectively, in 2023. (2) Galium aparine and Veronica persica had always been the dominant broad-leaved weeds in winter wheat fields in Henan Province, with relative abundance of 26.89% and 10.68% in 2023, respectively. In the past 10 years, two surveys showed that the comprehensive relative abundance of G. aparine ranked first, G. aparine caused great damage in both dry-stubble wheat field and rice-stubble wheat field, and V. persica had risen from 6th to 3rd. (3) G. aparine, A. tauschii, V. persica, and Descurainia sophia became the dominant weeds in winter wheat fields in Henan Province. In 2013, only G. aparine and Capsella bursa-pastoris had relative abundance of more than 10%, which was 17.38% and 10.92%, respectively, but in 2023, the relative abundance of G. aparine, A. tauschii, V. persica, and D. sophia exceeded 10%, which was 26.89%, 13.45%, 10.68%, and 10.65%, respectively. (4) The damage of regional dominant weeds was also serious, such as Lamium amplexicaule, Raphanus raphanistrum, Malachium aquaticum, Euphorbia helioscopia, Lithospermum arvense, and Geranium carolinianum. In addition, regional harmful weeds such as Lapsana apogonoides, Mazus japonicus, and Alopecurus aequalis were mainly distributed in rice-stubble wheat fields.【Conclusion】The changes of the weed communities in winter wheat fields in Henan Province are mainly caused by the changes of farming systems, the spread and invasion of malignant weeds and the development of weed resistance. Cross-regional operation of combine harvester and human unconscious carrying and spreading are also important factors to promote the change of weed community. Therefore, in the prevention and control of weeds in winter wheat fields in Henan Province, the integrated weed control strategies, such as combining chemical herbicides with agronomic measures, the precise selection of herbicides according to the field grass phase in different planting areas and using herbicides with different mechanisms, should be promoted.

Key words: Henan Province, weed community, winter wheat field, community succession