绿色发展背景下农业生态补偿理论内涵与定价机制

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.20.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】绿色发展背景下的农业生态补偿机制研究已成为我国农业功能区生态环境保护的一项极为迫切的战略任务。生态补偿标准直接影响政策内部化外部效应的实际效果,重新界定农业生态补偿的理论内涵,确定补偿定价的思路及依据,是提高补贴政策准确性和指向性有效途径。【方法】综合运用规范分析及归纳和演绎法,重新定位以绿色发展为导向的农业生态补偿政策边界,系统划分农业生态补偿的类型与内容,尝试构建以外部效应测度为重点的定价机制,科学回答农业生态补偿“为什么补”及“补什么”等核心问题。【结果】一是科学解析农业绿色发展生态补偿的内涵：农业生态补偿是在对农业资源和环境保护中产生外溢效益（成本）内部化的环境经济手段,补偿核心内容包含对农业资源资产保护补偿和对于农业绿色生产行为补偿两大部分。二是重建绿色生产技术产生的外溢效益与外溢成本价值,根据技术作用于生态系统的环境影响,将补偿内容划分为4种类型：①资源开发建设补偿,针对环境正外部性减少和私人利益损失进行补偿;②资源保护利用补偿,针对生态资本保值和增殖行为进行合理回报;③环境污染治理补偿,针对降低环境负外部性的成本投入及损失给予报酬;④环境质量提升补偿,针对提升环境正外部性的投入及收益损失给予补偿。三是探明4种补偿类型的补偿标准核算依据,其中：资源开发建设补偿应以资源生产或维护的重置成本、资源资产预期收益及发展机会成本为依据;资源保护利用补偿应以资源保护者直接投入、发展机会成本及资源保护的生态服务价值为依据;环境污染治理与质量提升都属于绿色技术应用补偿,其补偿定价主要考虑额外生产成本、环境成本、发展机会成本及技术外溢效益价值等指标因素。【结论】我国以绿色发展为导向的农业生态补偿制度创新,一要从绿色生产的环境贡献视角,划分农业生态补偿政策边界：针对降低环境负外部性和提升环境正外部性生产行为的成本投入及个人利益损失进行补偿;二要从外部性双边界视角,确立补偿定价思路及原则：从理论研究的纵向边界和实践应用的横向边界两个方向,并结合政府财政支付能力确定补偿标准。

关键词: 绿色发展, 农业生态补偿, 补偿定价, 外溢效益, 外溢成本

Abstract:

【Objective】Within the context of green development, the research on mechanisms for agricultural ecological compensation has become an extremely urgent and strategic task for the protection of the ecological environment in functional agricultural areas in China. The standards for ecological compensation directly affect the actual effect of policy internalization and externality. The redefine the theoretical connotations of agricultural ecological compensation, determine the concepts and basis of compensation pricing, and are the effective way to improve the accuracy and directivity of subsidy policy. 【Method】Using normative analysis as well as inductive and deductive methods, the boundary of green development oriented agricultural ecological compensation policy was re-positioned, and the types and content of agricultural ecological compensation were systematically divided, in an attempt to develop a pricing mechanism that focused on the measurement of external effects and scientifically answer the core questions of "why compensate?" and "what to compensate?" in the field of agricultural ecological compensation. 【Result】Firstly, the connotations of ecological compensation for agricultural green development were scientifically analyzed: ecological compensation for agricultural green development is an environmentally friendly and economic means of producing spillover benefits (costs) internalization when protecting agricultural resources and the environment. The core content of compensation includes two parts: the protection compensation for agricultural resource assets, and the compensation for green agricultural production behavior. Secondly, According to the environmental impact of technology on the ecosystem, the compensation content can be divided into four types: (1) the compensation for resource development and construction, aiming at the reduction of positive externality in the environment and the loss of private interests; (2) the compensation for resource protection and utilization, aiming at a reasonable return for the preservation and proliferation of ecological capital; (3) the compensation for environmental pollution and protection, aiming at reducing the costs and losses from negative externality in the environment; (4) the compensation for environmental quality improvement, aiming to compensate for investment and income losses from improving the positive externality of the environment. Thirdly, the accounting basis of compensation standards for these four types of compensation was developed, among these standards: the compensation for resource development and construction should be based on the replacement cost of resource production or maintenance, the expected return of resource assets, and the opportunity cost of development; the compensation for resource protection and utilization should be based on the direct investment of resource protectors, the opportunity cost of development, and the ecological service value of resource protection; environmental pollution control and quality improvement belong to compensation for the application of green technology, and its compensation pricing is mainly based on the additional production costs, environmental costs, development opportunity cost, and technology spillover benefit value. 【Conclusion】The innovation of an agricultural ecological compensation system guided by green development in China includes: first, which should, on the one hand, divide the policy boundary of agricultural ecological compensation from the perspective of the environmental contribution of green production, and on the other hand, should compensate for the cost investment and personal interest loss of reducing negative environmental externalities and improving positive environmental externalities; second, from the perspective of an externality double boundary, the ideas and principles of compensation pricing shall be put forward: the compensation standard should be determined from the vertical boundary of theoretical research and the horizontal boundary of practical application, combined with the government's ability to make financial payment.

Key words: green development, agricultural ecological compensation, compensation pricing, spillover benefit, spillover cost

周颖,梅旭荣,杨鹏,刘静. 绿色发展背景下农业生态补偿理论内涵与定价机制[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(20): 4358-4369.

ZHOU Ying,MEI XuRong,YANG Peng,LIU Jing. Theoretical Connotations and Pricing Mechanisms for Agricultural Ecological Compensation Within the Context of Green Development[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(20): 4358-4369.

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基本类型 Basic type	基本理论 Basic theory	理论依据与关联 Theoretical basis and relevance	政府角色与作用 Role and function of government
传统西方经济学理论 Traditional western economic theory	外部性理论 Externality theory	生产经营主体行为的外溢效应 Spillover effects of business entity behavior	政府内部化解决外部性问题 Government solves external problems internally
	公共产品理论 Public goods theory	绿色生产技术不具市场竞争力 Green production technology does not have market competitiveness	政府承担部分技术市场投资 Government undertakes part of the investment in the technology market
	生态资本理论 Ecological capital theory	绿色生产行为提升生态资本 Green production behavior enhances ecological capital	政府给予环境保护者合理补偿 Government gives reasonable compensation to the environmental protectors
中国生态文明建设理论 The theory of ecological civilization construction in China	绿色发展理论 Green development theory	自然资源保护及环境治理 Natural resources protection and environmental governance	政府以制度创新激活内生动力 Government activates endogenous impetus through institutional innovation
	民生福祉理论 Theory of people's well-being	绿色生产过程增进民生福祉 Green production process enhances people's livelihood and well-being	政策手段合理分配生态福利 Rational distribution of ecological benefits by policy means

类型Type	外溢效益Spillover benefit	外溢成本Spillover cost
耕地资源保护补偿 Cultivated land resource conservation compensation	经济产出价值Economic output value	生态建设投入Ecological construction input
	生态服务功能价值Ecological service function value	资源产权权益Resource property rights and interests
	社会保障价值Social security value	发展机会成本Development opportunity cost
绿色技术应用补偿 Green technology application compensation	经济产出价值Economic output value	边际生产成本Marginal production cost
	生态服务功能价值Ecological service function value	边际外部成本Marginal external cost
	补偿意愿价值Compensation willingness value	边际机会成本Marginal opportunity cost

类型 Type	补偿客体 Compensation object	补偿类型 Compensation type	补偿内容 Contents of compensation
耕地资源保护补偿 Cultivated land resource conservation compensation	影响个人或组织 Affected individuals or organizations	资源开发建设 Land resource development and construction	环境正外部性减少和私人利益损失 Reduction in positive environmental externality and loss of private interests
耕地资源保护补偿 Cultivated land resource conservation compensation	保护者或组织 Conservators or organizations	资源保护利用 Land resource conservation and utilization	生态资本保值增殖行为的合理回报 Reasonable return on the behavior of preserving and appreciating ecological capital
绿色技术应用补偿 Green technology application compensation	生产者或参与者 Producer or participant	环境污染治理 Environmental pollution control	降低环境负外部性的成本投入及损失 Reduction in the cost input and loss of negative environmental externality
绿色技术应用补偿 Green technology application compensation	生产者或参与者 Producer or participant	环境质量提升 Environmental quality improvement	提升环境正外部性的投入及收益损失 Investment and income loss of improvement in positive environment externality

项目 Project	补偿类型 Compensation type	核算依据 Accounting basis
1	资源开发建设 Land development and construction	资源生成或维护的重置成本、资源资产预期收益、发展机会成本 Replacement cost of resource production or maintenance, expected return of resource assets, opportunity cost of development
2	资源保护利用 Land conservation and utilization	资源保护者直接投入、发展机会成本、资源保护的生态服务功能价值 Direct investment of resource protectors, opportunity cost of development, ecological service function value of resource protection
3	环境污染治理 Environmental pollution control	额外生产成本、环境成本、发展机会成本、技术外溢效益价值 Additional production cost, environmental cost, opportunity cost of development, technology spillover benefit value
4	环境质量提升 Environmental quality improvement	额外生产成本、环境成本、发展机会成本、技术外溢效益价值 Additional production cost, environmental cost, opportunity cost of development, technology spillover benefit value