捕食性天敌储蓄植物系统研究进展与展望

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

现代集约化农业生产对生态环境的影响逐渐加剧,促使形成单一化农业景观、丧失生物多样性,易引起害虫大暴发。随着我国现代农业发展战略布局与要求,对农业绿色安全生产和食品环境安全的关注度日益增加,环境友好、绿色高效的害虫管理技术的需求越来越强烈。天敌昆虫作为生物防治的重要组成部分,在生态安全和可持续农业中发挥着重要的作用。但传统的淹没式释放天敌的方式存在成本高、时效性和持效性较差的问题。如何有效的增殖保护田间天敌昆虫,提高天敌控害效率一直是生物防治的关键。储蓄植物系统（banker plant system）又称载体植物系统,其具有预防性引入天敌、并有助于天敌种群维持,实现可持续控害等优点,是较为成功的保护型生物防治技术,被越来越多用于农业有害生物综合治理中改善天敌生存条件,发挥对其的涵养和增殖作用。近年来相关研究发展迅速,在比利时、德国、法国、日本、美国和加拿大等国家已形成了商品产业化,得到了广泛推广应用。但由于地理气候和农业设施等方面差异,国外已报道或构建的储蓄植物系统并不适于直接在我国应用。目前国内的研究虽然起步较晚,但已到了快速发展期,必将具有广阔的发展前景。本文综合分析了国内外相关技术研究概况,就实现捕食性天敌储蓄植物系统最佳控害功能进行探讨,提出要认真筛选组成因素,明确储蓄植物、替代食物和有益生物三者之间的关系并优化各个因素的水平,而且还要充分考虑应用策略,重视田间应用效果评价,从而进一步完善储蓄植物系统技术。此外,还展望了该领域的发展方向,因地制宜地开发适合国内害虫防治的捕食性天敌储蓄植物系统,必将推动捕食性天敌产品的广泛应用及产业化发展。

关键词: 储蓄植物, 捕食性天敌, 替代食物, 保护型生物防治, 设施害虫防治

Abstract:

The impact of intensive agriculture on the ecological environment is growing, which fosters singular landscape, loss of biodiversity and prone to pest outbreaks. With the national development strategy of modern agriculture, much attention has been paid to the production of healthy, sustainably grown food. The requirement for environmentally friendly and efficient pest management technologies has become more and more intensified. Natural enemies play an important role in ecological security and sustainable agriculture. However, the traditional method of mass releasing natural enemies has the problems of high cost, poor timeliness and efficiency. So how to protect natural enemies in the field and improve efficiency are the critical problems to successful biological control. Banker plant systems have the advantages of introducing natural enemies preventively and maintaining them, therefore, controlling the pests sustainably. It is a relatively successful protective biological control technology, which has improved the survival conditions of natural enemies in the comprehensive management of agricultural pests. In recent years, with the rapid development of banker plant systems, more and more products have been widely applied in Belgium, Germany, France, Japan, the United States, Canada, and so on. However, due to the geographical differences, the direct application of the banker plant systems reported abroad is difficult in most cases. At present, although the domestic study started late, it has reached a rapid development period and will have a broad development prospect. In this paper, the research progress and the related technology in China and abroad were summarized. Especially, the optimal strategy of predatory natural enemies was discussed in banker plant system. The improvement of the technology not only needs careful selection of the factors, but also clarifies the relationship and optimizes the levels of the elements. Moreover, fully considering is in the layout of space and time, especially the application effect evaluation in the field. That will improve the banker plant system technology. And the prospect of the development direction in the future was pointed out. Based on principles of adjusting measures to local conditions, the advanced banker plant system would surely promote the widespread application and industrialization of predatory natural enemy products.

Key words: banker plant, predator, alternative food, conservation biological control, greenhouse pest control

李姝,王杰,黄宁兴,金振宇,王甦,张帆. 捕食性天敌储蓄植物系统研究进展与展望[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 3975-3987.

LI Shu,WANG Jie,HUANG NingXing,JIN ZhenYu,WANG Su,ZHANG Fan. Research Progress and Prospect on Banker Plant Systems of Predators for Biological Control[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 3975-3987.

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用于温室内蓟马、叶螨和其他害虫防治的主要捕食性天敌储蓄植物系统"

靶标害虫 Target pest	储蓄植物 Banker plant	替代食物 Alternative food	捕食性天敌 Predator natural enemy	目标作物 Crop	参考文献 Reference
二斑叶螨 Tetranychus urticae	香柏Thuja occidentalis 杜鹃Rhododendron sp.	针叶小爪螨 Oligonychus ununguis	伪新小绥螨 Neoseiulus fallacis	景观苗圃Commercial landscape plant	文献[50] Reference [50]
	玉米 Zea mays	草地小爪螨 Oligonychus pratensis	捕螨瘿蚊 Feltiella acarisuga	未报道 Not reported	文献[29] Reference [29]
	河岸葡萄Vitis riparia 地中海荚迷Viburnum tinus	阿勒颇松花粉 Pinus halepensis	加州新小绥螨 Neoseiulus californicus	玫瑰 Rose sonia	文献[51] Reference [51]
	玫瑰 Rosa sonia 地中海荚蒾Viburnum tinus	花粉 Pollen	加州新小绥螨 Neoseiulus californicus	菜豆 Phaseolus vulgaris	文献[52] Reference [52]
侧多食跗线螨 Polyphagotarsonemus latus	观赏性辣椒 Capiscum annuum	未报道 Not reported	斯氏钝绥螨 Amblyseius swirskii	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	文献[53] Reference [53]
叶螨 Leaf mite 蓟马 Thirp	蓖麻 Ricinus communis	花粉 Pollen	伊绥螨 Ipheseius degenerans	辣椒 Capsicum annuum 黄瓜 Cucumis sativus	文献[54] Reference [54] 文献[55] Reference [55]
西花蓟马 Frankliniella occidentalis	金盏花 Calendula officinalis	花蜜 Extrafloral	东亚小花蝽 Orius sauteri	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	文献[56] Reference [56]
西花蓟马 Frankliniella occidentalis	孔雀草Tagetes patula 蓖麻Ricinus communis 观赏性辣椒Capsicum annuum 非洲菊Gerbera jamesonii 小白菊Tanacetum parthenium 向日葵Helianthus annuus	未报道 Not reported	狡小花蝽 Orius insidiosus	观赏作物 Ornamental crop	文献[57] Reference [57]
西花蓟马 Frankliniella occidentalis 小黄蓟马 Scirtothrips dorsalis	蓖麻Ricinus communis 观赏性辣椒 Capiscum annuum	土耳其松花粉 Pollen of Pinus brutia	斯氏钝绥螨 Amblyseius swirskii	辣椒Capsicum annuum 黄瓜Cucumis sativus 绿豆 Vigna radiata 观赏植物 Ornamental plant	文献[11] Reference [11] 文献[58,59] Reference [58-59] 文献[60] Reference [60]
	观赏性辣椒 Capiscum annuum	花粉 Pollen	狡小花蝽 Orius insidiosus	观赏草 Ornamental grass	文献[61,62] Reference [61-62]
蓟马 Thirp	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	花粉 Pollen	斯氏钝绥螨 Amblyseius swirskii	未报道 Not reported	文献[63] Reference [63]
番茄潜叶蛾 Tuta absoluta	芝麻 Sesamum indicum 黏性旋复花Dittrichia viscosa	未报道 Not reported	烟盲蝽 Nesidiocoris tenuis	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	文献[64] Reference [64]

表3

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靶标害虫 Target pest	储蓄植物 Banker plant	替代食物 Alternative food	捕食性天敌 Predator natural enemy	目标作物 Crop	参考文献 Reference
桃蚜 Myzus persicae	蚕豆 Vicia faba	巢菜修尾蚜 Megoura viciae	食蚜瘿蚊 Aphidoletes aphidimyza	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	文献[28] Reference [28]
	燕麦 Avena sativa	麦无网长管蚜 Metopolophium dirhodum	食蚜瘿蚊 Aphidoletes aphidimyza	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	文献[31] Reference [31]
	大麦 Hordeum vulgare	玉米蚜 Rhopalosiphum maidis	黑带食蚜蝇 Episyrphus balteatus	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	文献[24] Reference [24]
	小麦 Triticum aestivum	玉米蚜 Rhopalosiphum maidis	龟纹瓢虫 Propylaea japonica	未报道 Not reported	文献[16] Reference [16]
	蚕豆 Vicia faba	豌豆修尾蚜 Megoura japonica	七星瓢虫 Coccinella septempunctata	未报道 Not reported	待发表 Unpublished
棉蚜 Aphis gossypii	小麦 Triticum aestivum 大麦 Hordeum vulgare	禾谷缢管蚜 Rhopalosiphum padi 麦二叉蚜 Schizaphis graminum	普通草蛉 Chrysopa carnea 食蚜瘿蚊 Aphidoletes aphidimyza	黄瓜 Cucumis sativus 甜瓜 Oriental melon 茄子 Solanum melongena	文献[32,33] Reference [32-33] 文献[34,35] Reference [34-35] 文献[36,37] Reference [36-37]
	高粱 Sorghum bicolor	高粱蚜 Melanaphis sacchari	食蚜瘿蚊 Aphidoletes aphidimyza	辣椒 Capsicum annuum 茄子Solanum melongena	文献[37,38] Reference [37-38]
	牛筋草 Eleusine indica	狗尾草蚜 Hysteroneura setariae	狭臀瓢虫 Coccinella transversalis 六斑月瓢虫 Menochilus sexmaculatus	蔬菜 Vegetable	文献[39] Reference [39]
茄沟无网蚜 Aulacorthum solani 李短尾蚜 Brachycaudus helichrysi	大麦 Hordeum vulgare	禾谷缢管蚜 Rhopalosiphum padi	食蚜瘿蚊 Aphidoletes aphidimyza	菊 Chrysanthemums	文献[40] Reference [40]

靶标害虫 Target pest	储蓄植物 Banker plant	替代食物 Alternative food	捕食性天敌 Predator natural enemy	目标作物 Crop	参考文献 Reference
烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci	木瓜 Carica papaya	木瓜粉虱 Trialeurodes variabilis	小黑瓢虫 Delphastus pusillus	蔬菜 Vegetable	文献[41] Reference [41]
	美女樱 Verbena hybrida	未报道 Not reported	烟盲蝽 Nesidiocoris tenuis	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	文献[42] Reference [42]
	辣椒 Capsicum annuum	花粉 Pollen	斯氏钝绥螨 Amblyseius swirskii	绿豆 Vigna radiata	文献[11] Reference [11]
温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum	烟草 Nicotiana tabacum	地中海粉斑螟卵 Ephestia kuehniella	黑暗长脊盲蝽 Macrolophus caliginosus	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	文献[43] Reference [43]
	欧洲稻槎菜 Lapsana communis	欧洲甘蓝粉虱 Aleyrodes proletella	黑暗长脊盲蝽 Macrolophus caliginosus	黄瓜 Cucumis sativus	文献[44] Reference [44]
	毛蕊花Verbascum thapsus 辣椒Capsicum annuum 茄子Solanum melongena	植物汁液 Sap 粉斑螟卵Ephestia	西方猎盲蝽 Dicyphus hesperus	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	文献[45,46,47] Reference [45-47]
	罗勒Ocimum basilicum 烟草Nicotiana tabacum	花粉或叶 Pollen or leaf	矮小长脊盲蝽 Macrolophus pygmaeus	番茄 Solanum lycopersicum	文献[48,49] Reference [48-49]