喷嘴类型对植保无人飞机喷雾性能的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.12.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】植保无人飞机具有喷雾效率高、适用性好、作物损伤小和操控人员安全系数高等特点,但飘移严重制约着其推广应用,喷嘴作为核心组件,是影响雾滴飘移的关键因素。本文旨在明确不同类型喷嘴对植保无人飞机喷雾的雾化性能及雾滴飘移的影响,为选择合适喷嘴提供理论依据。【方法】筛选20种常见的扇形、气吸型和圆锥形喷嘴,采用激光粒度仪系统测定并计算喷嘴的分布跨度、体积中径（D₅₀）及尺寸<150 μm的雾滴占全部雾粒体积的百分比（ΦVol_{<150 μm}）等表征雾化性能的参数,在开放式风洞中首先测定不同喷嘴在0.3 MPa下的流量,然后采用相片纸法和麦拉片法评价喷嘴型号对喷雾飘移和飘移沉积雾滴粒径特征的影响。【结果】在0.3 MPa喷雾压力下测定不同喷嘴雾化性能表明,在常规扇形喷嘴中,F110-01、F110-015、F110-02和F110-03随着型号的增加,分布跨度和D₅₀显著增加,而ΦVol_{<150 μm}显著减低,气吸型扇形喷嘴AFC-01—AFC-05和圆锥形喷嘴HCC80-0075—HCC80-025具有相同的规律,但相同型号的气吸型扇形喷嘴,ΦVol_{<150 μm}均显著小于扇形喷嘴和圆锥形喷嘴,而分布跨度和D₅₀均大于扇形喷嘴和圆锥形喷嘴;在气吸型扇形喷嘴中,AFC-01及IDK120-015分布跨度和D₅₀显著小于其他类型;IDK120-015 ΦVol_{<150 μm}极显著低于HCC80-02、F110-015和F110-03,分布跨度和D₅₀显著高于HCC80-02和F110-015,HCC80-02的流量分别与IDK120-015、F110-015之间差异不显著,均显著低于F110-03。进一步采用麦拉片和相片纸法评价地面飘移沉积雾滴粒径特征和飘移量,喷嘴类型和飘移距离对飘移沉积雾滴D₅₀和分布跨度的影响均达到极显著,飘移距离3 m的D₅₀和分布跨度均显著低于1 m和2 m的,Depositscan软件计算预估飘移量的趋势和实测飘移量一致,均为HCC80-02>F110-015>F110-03>IDK120-015。计算不同喷嘴防飘移效果可知,IDK120-015的防飘移效果最好,达72.02%,F110-03次之,HCC80-02最差。【结论】麦拉片和相片纸均可收集地面飘移量作为评估雾滴飘移的方法;合理选择喷嘴可降低小雾滴的百分比和扩大相对雾滴粒径,显著减少植保无人飞机施药作业过程中的雾滴飘移。

关键词: 植保无人飞机, 雾化性能, 分布跨度, 体积中径, 喷嘴, 地面飘移沉积量

Abstract:

【Objective】 Plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has the characteristics of high spray efficiency, good applicability, small crop damage and high safety to the operator. However, drift seriously restricts its popularization and application. As the core component, the nozzle is a key factor affecting droplet drift. The objective of this study is to clarify the atomization performance of different types of nozzles and their effect on spray drift, and to provide theoretical basis for selecting suitable nozzles. 【Method】 In this paper, 20 kinds of common fan-shaped, air suction and conical nozzles were selected, and the distribution span, volume diameter (D₅₀) and percentage of the total volume of fog particles smaller than 150 μm (ΦVol_{<150 μm}) of different types of nozzles were detected by laser particle size analyzer. In an open wind tunnel, the flow rate of different nozzles at 0.3 MPa was firstly measured, then the influence of different types of nozzles on spray drift and particle size characteristics of deposition droplet was evaluated by photo paper and mylar card method. 【Result】 The atomization performance of different nozzles was measured under 0.3 MPa spray pressure. It showed that in common fan-shaped nozzle such as F110-01, F110-015, F110-02 and F110-03, the distribution span and D₅₀increased significantly with the increase of the model, while ΦVol_{<150 μm} decreased significantly. The air fan nozzle from AFC-01 to AFC-05 and the conical nozzle from HCC80-0075 to HCC80-025 had the same rule. The ΦVol_{<150 μm} of air fan nozzle with the same aperture was smaller than that of fan-shaped nozzle and conical nozzle, while the distribution span and D₅₀ were larger than those of fan-shaped nozzle and conical nozzle. The distribution span and D₅₀ of AFC-01 and IDK120-015 were significantly smaller than those of other types of air fan nozzle. The ΦVol_{<150 μm} of IDK120-015 was significantly lower than that of HCC80-02, F110-015 and F110-03, while the distribution span and D₅₀ were significantly higher than those of HCC80-02 and F110-015. There was no significant difference between the flow of HCC80-02 and IDK120-015, F110-015, which were all significantly lower than that of F110-03. Furthermore, the particle size characteristics and drift amount of drift deposition droplets on the ground were evaluated by using mylar card and photo paper. The effects of nozzle type and drift distance on the D₅₀and distribution span of drift deposition droplets were extremely significant. The D₅₀ and distribution span of drift distance 3 m were significantly lower than those of 1 m and 2 m. The trend of predicted drift amount calculated by Depositscan software was consistent with the measured drift amount, both of which were HCC80-02>F110-015>F110-03>IDK120-015. After the calculation of anti-drift effect of different nozzles, IDK120-015 had the best anti-drift effect (72.02%), F110-03 was the second, and HCC80-02 was the worst. 【Conclusion】 It is a feasible method to evaluate the drift of droplets through mylar card and photo paper to collect the ground drift. The reasonable selection of nozzle can significantly reduce the percentage of small droplets and expand the relative droplet size, and result in the decreased droplets drift during the operation of UAV.

Key words: plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), atomization performance, distribution span, volume diameter (D₅₀), nozzle, surface drift deposition

贡常委,马钰,杨锐,阮彦伟,王学贵,刘越. 喷嘴类型对植保无人飞机喷雾性能的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(12): 2385-2398.

GONG ChangWei,MA Yu,YANG Rui,RUAN YanWei,WANG XueGui,LIU Yue. Effect of Nozzle Type on the Spray Performance of Plant Protection Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(12): 2385-2398.

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喷嘴类型 Nozzle type		喷射角 Spray angle	均值±标准误 Mean±SE	95%置信区间95% Confidence interval		差异显著性Significance
喷嘴类型 Nozzle type		喷射角 Spray angle	均值±标准误 Mean±SE	下限Lower	上限Upper	0.05	0.01
常规扇形喷嘴 Fan-shaped	F110-01	110°	1.012±0.008	0.978	1.046	l	L
	F110-015		1.046±0.007	1.015	1.076	kl	L
	F110-02		1.063±0.001	1.058	1.069	kl	KL
	F110-03		2.946±0.016	2.878	3.014	a	A
双向3D扇形喷嘴3D-fan-shaped	GAT110-03		2.692±0.035	2.539	2.844	b	B
气吸型扇形喷嘴 Air fan nozzle	AFC-01		1.556±0.005	1.534	1.578	g	G
	AFC-015		1.878±0.009	1.840	1.916	f	EF
	AFC-02		2.522±0.017	2.448	2.597	c	C
	AFC-05		2.923±0.044	2.735	3.111	a	A
	KZ80-08		2.290±0.021	2.021	2.560	d	D
	KZ80-12		1.905±0.010	1.862	1.948	ef	EF
	KZ80-16		1.860±0.016	1.791	1.928	f	F
气吸型扇形喷嘴 Air fan nozzle	IDK120-015	120°	1.425±0.003	1.410	1.440	h	H
气吸型扇形喷嘴 Air fan nozzle	IDK120-03		1.958±0.007	1.929	1.987	e	E
常规扇形喷嘴Fan-shaped	ULD120-02		1.142±0.004	1.125	1.159	j	JK
圆锥形喷嘴 Conical nozzle	HCC80-0075	80°	0.760±0.045	0.568	0.953	m	N
	HCC80-01		1.079±0.009	1.039	1.119	k	KL
	HCC80-015		1.170±0.029	1.047	1.293	j	J
	HCC80-02		1.297±0.024	1.194	1.400	i	I
	HCC80-025		1.383±0.009	1.344	1.422	h	H

喷嘴类型 Nozzle type		喷射角 Spray angle	均值±标准误 Mean±SE (%)	95%置信区间95% Confidence interval		差异显著性Significance
喷嘴类型 Nozzle type		喷射角 Spray angle	均值±标准误 Mean±SE (%)	下限Lower	上限Upper	0.05	0.01
常规扇形喷嘴 Fan-shaped	F110-01	110°	65.357±0.476	63.308	67.405	a	A
	F110-015		48.993±0.292	47.738	50.248	d	C
	F110-02		41.633±0.035	41.482	41.785	e	D
	F110-03		25.910±0.289	24.668	27.152	g	F
双向3D扇形喷嘴 3D-fan-shaped	GAT110-03		14.633±0.098	14.213	15.054	h	G
气吸型扇形喷嘴 Air fan nozzle	AFC-01		15.720±0.110	15.247	16.193	h	G
	AFC-015		15.107±0.105	14.654	15.560	h	G
	AFC-02		8.010±0.095	7.600	8.420	kl	I
	AFC-05		7.740±0.006	7.715	7.765	l	I
	KZ80-08		11.337±0.068	11.042	11.631	i	H
	KZ80-12		15.203±0.084	14.843	15.564	h	G
	KZ80-16		10.317±0.103	9.875	10.758	ij	H
气吸型扇形喷嘴 Air fan nozzle	IDK120-015	120°	9.447±0.073	9.132	9.761	jk	HI
气吸型扇形喷嘴 Air fan nozzle	IDK120-03		7.527±0.124	6.991	8.062	l	I
常规扇形喷嘴 Fan-shaped	ULD120-02		47.973±0.178	47.206	48.741	d	C
圆锥形喷嘴 Conical nozzle	HCC80-0075	80°	63.570±0.557	61.172	65.968	b	A
	HCC80-01		51.773±1.927	43.483	60.064	c	B
	HCC80-015		48.647±0.673	45.751	51.543	d	C
	HCC80-02		42.327±0.491	40.215	44.438	e	D
	HCC80-025		30.740±1.027	26.323	35.157	f	E

喷嘴类型 Nozzle type		喷射角 Spray angle	均值±标准误 Mean±SE (μm)	95%置信区间95% Confidence interval		差异显著性Significance
喷嘴类型 Nozzle type		喷射角 Spray angle	均值±标准误 Mean±SE (μm)	下限Lower	上限Upper	0.05	0.01
常规扇形喷嘴 Fan-shaped	F110-01	110°	125.807±0.833	122.223	129.390	n	N
	F110-015		149.363±0.538	147.049	151.678	l	LM
	F110-02		162.290±0.050	162.073	162.507	k	K
	F110-03		214.587±1.217	209.350	219.823	i	I
双向3D扇形喷嘴 3D-fan-shaped	GAT110-03		301.163±0.810	297.679	304.648	g	G
气吸型扇形喷嘴 Air fan nozzle	AFC-01		271.560±1.020	267.171	275.949	h	H
	AFC-015		274.507±0.870	270.762	278.252	h	H
	AFC-02		379.917±1.010	375.572	384.262	c	C
	AFC-05		414.727±0.807	411.256	418.198	a	A
	KZ80-08		326.770±1.329	321.052	332.488	f	F
	KZ80-12		272.733±0.602	270.145	275.322	h	H
	KZ80-16		354.593±1.356	348.758	360.429	d	D
气吸型扇形喷嘴 Air fan nozzle	IDK120-015	120°	346.990±1.080	342.343	351.637	e	E
气吸型扇形喷嘴 Air fan nozzle	IDK120-03		386.517±3.247	372.545	400.488	b	B
常规扇形喷嘴 Fan-shaped	ULD120-02		151.433±0.342	149.963	152.903	l	L
圆锥形喷嘴 Conical nozzle	HCC80-0075	80°	128.590±0.944	124.526	132.654	n	N
	HCC80-01		144.563±3.278	130.460	158.666	m	M
	HCC80-015		150.233±1.303	144.627	155.840	l	L
	HCC80-02		163.640±1.223	158.380	168.900	k	K
	HCC80-025		169.953±0.235	168.944	170.963	j	J

处理 Treatment (A)	体积中径 D₅₀(μm)	标准差 Standard deviation	差异显著性 Significance	处理 Treatment (B)	体积中径 D₅₀(μm)	标准差 Standard deviation	差异显著性 Significance
IDK120-015	298.67	121.14	cC	1 m	651.33	229.80	aA
F110-015	408.22	243.36	bB	2 m	542.00	323.19	aA
F110-03	493.67	247.85	bcBC	3 m	243.67	58.83	bB
HCC80-02	715.44	337.47	aA

变异来源Source of variation	平方和Sum of squares	自由度Freedom	均方Mean square	F值F value	P值P value
区组Area group	2373967.33	11	215815.21	11.198	0
A×	842856.22	3	280952.07	14.578	0
B×	1068594.67	2	534297.33	27.723	0
A×B×	462516.44	6	77086.07	4.000	0.006
误差Error	462548.67	24	19272.86
总和Sum of error	11096392.00	36