中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (18): 3134-3144.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.18.006
卢士军1,刘晓洁2,薛莉2,3,唐振闯1,刘刚2,程广燕1()
收稿日期:
2019-01-25
接受日期:
2019-04-15
出版日期:
2019-09-16
发布日期:
2019-09-23
通讯作者:
程广燕
作者简介:
卢士军,E-mail:基金资助:
LU ShiJun1,LIU XiaoJie2,XUE Li2,3,TANG ZhenChuang1,LIU Gang2,CHENG GuangYan1()
Received:
2019-01-25
Accepted:
2019-04-15
Online:
2019-09-16
Published:
2019-09-23
Contact:
GuangYan CHENG
摘要: 目的对我国水稻全产业链损耗及浪费情况进行定量评估,分析产生损耗和浪费的主要原因,提出稻谷减损策略,为制定保障我国粮食安全战略、发展营养导向型农业提供决策参考。方法 采用问卷调查和定性访谈方法,对我国稻谷主产区(四省八县)进行全产业链(包括农业生产、收获后处理、贮藏、加工、流通和消费等6个环节)实地调研。结果 从全产业链来看,水稻损耗和浪费率合计为13.64%,其中全产业链损耗率为8.42%,收割、收获后处理、贮藏、加工、流通各环节的标准化损耗率分别为2.84%、1.85%、1.21%、1.73%、0.79%,消费端浪费率为5.22%。损耗和浪费率每降低1个百分点,可分别满足145.5万人、90.4万人一年的大米需求。结论 我国水稻全产业链损耗处于较高水平,亟需制定有效的减损措施,进一步提高国家的粮食供给水平。
卢士军,刘晓洁,薛莉,唐振闯,刘刚,程广燕. 我国水稻全产业链损耗和浪费量的估算及对应策略[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(18): 3134-3144.
LU ShiJun,LIU XiaoJie,XUE Li,TANG ZhenChuang,LIU Gang,CHENG GuangYan. Addressing the Losses and Waste of Chinese Rice Supply Chain: Sources, Drivers and Mitigation Strategies[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(18): 3134-3144.
表1
调研主产县稻谷生产情况"
省份 Province | 2016年产量 Annual production of 2016 (×104 t) | 全国占比 Proportion (%) | 全国排名 The national ranking | 调查区县 Survey area |
---|---|---|---|---|
全国 The whole country | 20707.5 | / | / | / |
湖南(籼) Hunan (indica) | 2602.3 | 12.6 | 1 | 常德汉寿县;益阳兰溪镇 Hanshou county, Changde city; Lanxi country, Yiyang city |
江西(籼) Jiangxi (indica) | 2012.6 | 9.7 | 3 | 南昌进贤县;上饶万年县 Jinxian country, Nanchang city; Wannian country, Shangrao city |
黑龙江(粳) Heilongjiang (Japonica) | 2255.3 | 10.9 | 2 | 哈尔滨双城区;五常市 Shuangcheng country, Harbin; Wuchang country, Harbin |
吉林(粳) Jilin (Japonica) | 654.1 | 3.2 | 11 | 长春榆树市;松原前郭县 Yushu country, Changchun city; Qianguo country, Songyuan city |
合计 Total | 7524.3 | 36.3 | / | / |
表2
各环节调研样本概况"
环节 Stage | 作业类型 Operation | 作业主体 Operator | 样本量(n) Sample size |
---|---|---|---|
农业生产 Agricultural production | 收割、脱粒 Harvesting, threshing | 农户(户) Peasants | 413 |
收获后处理 Post harvest handling | 转运、干燥 Transportation, dry | 粮食经纪人(人) Agency | 21 |
贮藏 Storage | 贮藏 Storage | 粮库(所) Grain depot | 34 |
加工 Processing | 初加工 Primary processing | 企业(家) Firms | 15 |
二次加工 Secondary processing | 企业(家) Firms | 10 | |
流通 Distribution | 运输 Transportation | 企业/经销商(人)1) Firm/dealer | 41 |
销售 Retail | 经销商、商超(家) Dealers & supermarkets | 16 | |
消费 Consumption | 浪费 Waste | 消费者(人) Consumers | 771 |
表3
全产业链各环节稻谷标准化损失率计算公式"
环节Stage | 计算公式Calculation formula | |
---|---|---|
标准化损耗率 Standard rate of loss | 农业生产 Agricultural production | LAP |
收获后处理 Post harvest handling | LPH* = (1-LAP) ×LPH | |
贮藏Storage | LST*= (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×LST | |
初加工Primary processing | LPP* = (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×(1- LST) ×LPP | |
二次加工Secondary processing | LPS*= (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×(1- LST) ×(1- LPP)×LPS | |
流通Distribution | LD* = (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×(1- LST) × (1-LPP) × (1- LPS) ×LD | |
标准化浪费率 Standard rate of waste | 食物浪费Food waste | LC* = (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×(1- LST) × (1-LPP) × (1- LPS) × (1-LD) × LC |
合计 Total | 总损耗率 Total loss rate | LTSC = LAP+LPH*+LST*+LPP*+LPS*+LD*+LC* |
表4
稻谷生产环节不同损耗率的农户数量"
损耗率 Loss (%) | 籼稻Indica | 粳稻Japonica | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
大户 Large scale farming (≥3.3 hm2) | 散户 Small scale farming (<3.3 hm2 ) | 合计 Total | 大户 Large scale farming (≥3.3 hm2) | 散户 Small scale farming (<3.3 hm2) | 合计 Total | ||
0-2 | 53 | 57 | 110 | 9 | 14 | 23 | |
2-4 | 22 | 50 | 72 | 6 | 13 | 19 | |
4-6 | 66 | 59 | 125 | 4 | 8 | 12 | |
6-8 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
8-10 | 1 | 33 | 34 | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
10-20 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
合计 Total | 143 | 207 | 353 | 23 | 37 | 60 |
表5
稻谷收获后处理损耗情况"
粳稻 Japonica | 籼稻 Indica | 加权合计 Weighted average | |
---|---|---|---|
粮食经纪人数 Dealer | 8 | 13 | 21 |
收粮转运(撒漏与风耗)损耗率Acquisition of transport (leakage, air loss) (%) | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.48 |
售粮转运(撒漏与风耗)损耗率Sales of transportation (leakage, air loss) (%) | 0.20 | 0.34 | 0.29 |
干燥—暂存(虫食鼠害)损耗率Dry-temporary storage(worm rat eat)(%) | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.46 |
(腐坏、变质等)损耗率Decay (%) | / | 1.0 | 0.67 |
合计损耗率 Total loss rate (%) | 1.27 | 2.20 | 1.90 |
表1 1
国内稻谷全产业链各环节损耗和浪费率研究对比"
环节 Stage | 作业类型 Operation | 以往研究结果 Research Result | 说明 Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
全产业链 The whole supply chain | 不含浪费 Exclude waste | 丁建武(2005),10%-18% Ding J W (2005), 10%-18% | 8省17县调研 Study in 17 countries of 18 provinces |
不含浪费 Exclude waste | 应霞芳(2005),15% Ying X F (2005), 15% | 南方水稻测定值 Value of rice in south China | |
农业生产 Agricultural production | 收割(含脱粒) Harvest (include threshing ) | 詹玉荣(1995),4.16% Zhan Y R (1995), 4.16% | 22省574县调研 Study in 574 countries of 22 provinces |
收割(含脱粒) Harvest (include threshing ) | 曹宝明(1999),4% Cao B M (1999), 4% | 江苏3市调研 Study in 3 cities of Jiangsu Province | |
收割(含脱粒) Harvest (include threshing ) | 黄东(2018),3.02% Huang D (2018), 3.02% | 5省6地调研 Study in 6 cities of 5 provinces | |
收获后处理 Post harvest handling | 收获后处理 Post harvest handling | 高利伟(2016),2.3% Gao L W (2016), 2.3% | 文献综述 Literature review |
贮藏Storage | 贮藏Storage | 经验数据(2007),5% Empirical data (2007), 5% | 粮食测算值 Actual estimated value |
贮藏Storage | 姜自德(2016),5% Jiang Z D (2016), 5% | 农业部门统计 Agricultural sector statistics | |
贮藏Storage | 尹国彬(2017),1.3% Yin G B (2017), 1.3% | 文献综述 Literature review | |
加工 Processing | 初加工 Primary Processing | Gustafsson J(2013),0.5% | 欧洲综合数据,谷物大类 LAFA US, Cereal |
初加工 Primary Processing | 李植芬(1991),2.81% Li Z F (1991), 2.81% | 农户碾米 Self-processing | |
初加工 Primary Processing | 唐为民(1998),3.75% Tang W M (1998), 3.75% | 经验值 Empirical data | |
初加工 Primary Processing | 樊琦(2015),2% Fan Q (2015), 2% | 精米加工 Rice milling | |
流通 Distribution | 运输 Transportation | 唐为民(1998),1.05% Tang W M (1998), 1.05% | 经验值 Empirical data |
运输 Transportation | 梁录瑞(1993),2% Liang L R (1993), 2% | 经验值 Empirical data | |
运输 Transportation | 许世卫(2007),0.8% Xu S W (2007), 0.8% | 经验值 Empirical data | |
消费 Consumption | 浪费 Consumption | 王灵恩(2017),7% Wang L E (2017), 7% | 4城市调研,米饭按50%折算大米 Four cities results, Rice is converted into unboiled rice by 50% |
浪费 Consumption | Gustafsson J (2013), 25% | 欧洲综合数据,谷物大类 Integrated European data, Cereal | |
浪费Consumption | Buzby J (2014), 19% | 美国LAFA 数据,谷物大类 LAFA US, Cereal |
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