DNA methylation, a key epigenetic modification, plays a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism.  Consistent correlations have been observed between aberrant DNA methylation patterns and lipid metabolic disorders.  Emerging evidence indicates that methyl donor micronutrients could influence DNA methylation patterns, consequently exerting an influence on lipid metabolism.  Specifically, the deficiency or excesses of methyl donor micronutrients (folate, choline, betaine, B vitamins and methionine) have been associated with altered DNA methylation patterns linked to lipid metabolism.  These alteration in DNA methylation levels, occurring globally and within promoter regions, could affect gene expression related to lipid metabolism.  However, the mechanisms through which methyl donor micronutrients regulate lipid metabolism via the DNA methylation modification and the role of methyl donor micronutrients supplementation on DNA methylation profiles remain unclear.  In this review, we summarized the regulatory role of DNA methylation in lipid metabolism, and highlighted recent findings investigating the impact of methyl donor micronutrients on lipid metabolism, as well as DNA methylation-mediated adipogenesis and adipose deposition.  Taken together, this review deepened our understanding of how the complex interplay between methyl donor micronutrients, DNA methylation, and lipid metabolism, and provides valuable information for accurately regulating lipid metabolism of livestock and poultry, thereby improving meat quality, and promoting the development of animal husbandry.

A recent breakthrough in agricultural biotechnology is the introduction of RNAi-mediated strategies in pest control.  However, the off-target effects of RNAi pest control are still not fully understood.  Here, we studied the off-target effects of two insecticidal siRNAs in both target and non-target insects.  The results revealed that off-target effects of insecticidal siRNAs occur widely in both target and non-target insects.  We classified the expression-changed genes according to their homology to the siRNA-targeted gene, related KEGG pathways with the siRNA-targeted gene and continuous matches with siRNAs.  Surprisingly, the unintended significant changes in gene expression levels did not strictly match with the number of contiguous nucleotides in the siRNAs.  As expected, the expression of small portions of the homologous and KEGG-related genes were significantly changed.  We calculated the Shannon entropy of the transcriptome profile of the insects after injecting them with insecticidal siRNAs.  Though hundreds of genes were affected in their expression levels post siRNA-treatment, the Shannon entropy of the transcriptome remained unchanged, suggesting that the transcriptome expression was balanced.  Our results provide evidence that siRNAs cross-reacted with individual genes in non-target species, but did not have significant effects on the integrity of the transcriptome profiles in either target or non-target species on a genomic scale.  The metric we proposed can be used to estimate the off-target effects of insecticidal siRNAs, which might be useful for evaluating the safety of RNAi in pest control.