Aphis gossypii has become increasingly difficult to manage due to its strong insecticide resistance.  In the laboratory, we established sulfoxaflor-resistant and acetamiprid-resistant strains in two A. gossypii populations with different basal insecticide resistance levels, and evaluated the effects of basal insecticide resistance on the resistance development and cross-resistance, as well as differences in fitness.  Under the same selection pressure, Yarkant A. gossypii (with low basal insecticide resistance) evolved resistance to sulfoxaflor and acetamiprid more quickly than Jinghe A. gossypii (with high basal insecticide resistance), and the evolution of A. gossypii resistance to sulfoxaflor developed faster than acetamiprid in both Yarkant and Jinghe, Xingjiang, China.  The sulfoxaflor-resistant strains selected from Yarkant and Jinghe developed significant cross-resistance to acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and pymetrozine; while the acetamiprid-resistant strains developed significant cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, pymetrozine, and chlorpyrifos.  The relative fitness of A. gossypii decreased as the resistance to sulfoxaflor and acetamiprid developed.  The relative fitness levels of the sulfoxaflor-resistant strains (Yarkant-SulR and Jinghe-SulR) were lower than those of the acetamiprid-resistant strains (Yarkant-AceR and Jinghe-AceR).  In addition, the relative fitness levels of sulfoxaflor- and acetamiprid-resistant strains were lower in Jinghe than in Yarkant.  In summary, basal insecticide resistance of A. gossypii and insecticide type affected the evolution of resistance to insecticides in A. gossypii, as well as cross-resistance to other insecticides.  The sulfoxaflor- and acetamiprid-resistant A. gossypii strains had obvious fitness costs.  The results of this work will contribute to the insecticide resistance management and integrated management of A. gossypii.