Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), a typical short-day plant, is sensitive to photoperiod, which limits the geographical range for its cultivation.  In the flowering pathway regulated by photoperiod, E1, a flowering inhibitor in soybean, plays the dominant role in flowering time regulation.  Two E1 homologs, E1-like-a (E1La) and E1-like-b (E1Lb), play overlapping or redundant roles in conjunction with E1.  In the present study, E1 and E1La/b were simultaneously silenced via RNA interference (RNAi) in Zigongdongdou (ZGDD), an extremely late-flowering soybean landrace from southern China.  As a result, RNAi lines showed a much earlier-flowering phenotype and obvious photoperiod insensitivity compared with wild-type (WT) plants.  In RNAi transgenic plants, the expression levels of flowering inhibitor GmFT4 and flowering promoters GmFT2a/GmFT5a were significantly down- and up-regulated, respectively.  Further, the maturity group (MG) of the RNAi lines was reduced from WT ZGDD’s MG VIII (extremely late-maturity) to MG 000 (super-early maturity), which can even grow in the northernmost village of China located at a latitude of 53.5°N.  Our study confirms that E1 and E1La/b can negatively regulate flowering time in soybean.  The RNAi lines generated in this study, with early flowering and maturity traits, can serve as valuable materials and a technical foundation for breeding soybeans that are adapted to high-latitude short-season regions.

The difference between lycopene and phytohormone levels among diploid, triploid and tetraploid plants of two watermelon cultivars during fruit growth and ripening was studied.  The expression pattern of five genes (phytoene synthase (PSY1), phytoene desaturase (PDS), ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), and lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB)) was analyzed in details.  In red-fleshed cultivar Mimei, lycopene content increased rapidly from 25 to 35 days after pollination (DAP), and then decreased at 40 DAP.  Triploid and tetraploid fruit had higher levels of lycopene than diploid.  Moreover, triploid tended to contain more lycopene than tetraploid during fruit growth and ripening stages.  However, little amount of lycopene (0–2 mg kg^–1 fresh weight (FW)) in yellow-fleshed cultivar Huangmei was found during all fruit development stages.  In Mimei, transcript level of PSY1 was generally higher than the other four genes, and LCYB gene expression was the lowest among all five genes being tested.  PSY1, CRTISO and LCYB genes showed higher transcript levels in polyploid than in diploid fruit.  By contrast, in Huangmei, transcript level of LCYB was not the lowest, but only lower than that of PSY1.  PSY1, CRTISO and LCYB genes showed higher expression levels in diploid than in polyploid fruit.  In Mimei, the negative correlation between gibberellane (GA) content and lycopene accumulation was determined in all three different ploidy fruits, while a positive correlation was observed between abscisic acid (ABA) content and lycopene accumulation only in diploid watermelon.  These results indicated that different lycopene contents in different ploidy watermelons is regulated by the differential transcription expression of the lycopene metabolic genes and phytohormones.