Ethanamizuril (EZL) is a novel triazine anticoccidial compound that has high anticoccidial activity in chickens.  In order to treat coccidiosis rationally in poultry, a detection method was developed for ethanamizuril in broiler plasma, and then the pharmacokinetics studies were performed in broilers after oral administration of different dose levels.  Ethanamizuril was administered as single oral doses at low (0.67 mg kg^–1 BW), medium (1.33 mg kg^–1 BW) and high (6.67 mg kg^–1 BW) levels in which the medium dose was that recommended in clinics.  Plasma concentrations of ethanamizuril were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and the data were analyzed with a non-compartmental model.  Peak plasma concentrations of ethanamizuril were (2.16±0.57), (3.91±0.71), and (23.71±5.02) mg L^–1 at (5.17±1.80), (4.60±2.12), and (4.60±2.12) h, respectively.  The terminal elimination half-lives (t_1/2λz) for ethanamizuril were (10.84±2.59), (10.66±2.47), and (13.34±3.10) h after oral administration at low, medium and high doses, respectively.  The areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC_0–t) were (37.68±6.87), (73.19±9.18), and (485.76±125.10) mg L^–1 h with mean residence times (MRT_0–t) of (14.79±3.03), (15.57±3.69), and (20.22±4.01) h at the 3 dosages, respectively.  Ethanamizuril was absorbed rapidly and eliminated slowly.  A comparison across the dose range indicated that the time to reach peak plasma concentration (T_max) values were similar while peak plasma concentration (C_max) and AUC_0–t were positively correlated with increasing dosages.  This study of the pharmacokinetics of an ethanamizuril solution in chickens provides a theoretical basis for the rational use in the clinic.

Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important wheat disease worldwide that is greatly influenced by environmental conditions.  Ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation is one important environmental factor affecting the occurrence and epidemiology of wheat stripe rust.  Investigating UV-B radiation effects on the epidemiology of stripe rust may be conducive to monitoring and predicting this disease.  In this study, wheat seedlings were exposed to UV-B radiation during different periods under laboratory conditions and radiation effects on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust were investigated.  Results showed that incubation period was shortened, and the infection efficiency, sporulation quantity and disease index increased when UV-B radiation was performed only pre-inoculation.  When the UV-B radiation was performed only post-inoculation or both pre- and post-inoculation, the incubation period was prolonged, and the infection efficiency, sporulation quantity and disease index were reduced.  When healthy wheat seedlings were inoculated using urediospores collected from wheat leaves irradiated by UV-B only post-inoculation or both pre- and post-inoculation, infection efficiency, sporulation quantity and disease index were also reduced.  However, in the latter, the disease incubation period did not differ under varying UV-B radiation intensities compared to that when wheat leaves were not treated with UV-B radiation.  Overall, the effects of direct exposure of wheat plants to UV-B radiation with different intensities in different periods on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust were systematically explored, and the results suggest that the effects of UV-B radiation increased gradually with the increase of UV-B radiation intensity.  This information provides a basis for monitoring and predicting this disease as well as for conducting further studies on pathogen virulence variation.