Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the second most widely grown premium oilseed crop globally, mainly for its vegetable oil and protein meal.  One of the main goals of breeders is producing high-yield rapeseed cultivars with sustainable production to meet the requirements of the fast-growing population.  Besides the pod number, seeds per silique (SS), and thousand-seed weight (TSW), the ovule number (ON) is a decisive yield determining factor of individual plants and the final seed yield.  In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to dissect the genetic and molecular basis of these complex traits, but relatively few genes or loci controlling these traits have been reported thus far.  This review highlights the updated information on the hormonal and molecular basis of ON and development in model plants (Arabidopsis thaliana).  It also presents what is known about the hormonal, molecular, and genetic mechanism of ovule development and number, and bridges our understanding between the model plant species (A. thaliana) and cultivated species (B. napus).  This report will open new pathways for primary and applied research in plant biology and benefit rapeseed breeding programs.  This synopsis will stimulate research interest to further understand ovule number determination, its role in yield improvement, and its possible utilization in breeding programs. 

The study explores the antifungal properties of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi, revealing a concentration-dependent impact, with the lowest concentration suppressing mycelial development. The peaks at 2θ° = 7.92° and 25.85° reveal the presence of MWCNTs. Furthermore, the bonding extremes at 3194 and 2441 cm^-1 and the peak at 3573 cm^-1 are hydrogen-bonded. The peak at 3756 cm^-1 demonstrates the vibration of OH stretching to confirm the functionalization of MWCNTs. MWCNTs at 308 nm show a peak with much higher UV energy. This is because of the different plasmonic vibrations that the free electrons of multi-wall carbon nanotubes exhibit at about 308nm. SEM analysis revealed mycelial structure distortions, revealing inhibitory mechanisms of f-MWCNTs and their interaction with F. oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi, providing insights into their complex behavior. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) showed anti-oxidative properties, indicating potential multifaceted modes of action, as evidenced by 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate dye testing. The current study analyzed bioactive molecules in F. oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi extracts by GC-MS analysis, showing six metabolites having antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. However, exposure to f-MWCNTs reduced these potent molecule concentrations, highlighting the significant impact of f-MWCNTs on F. oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi biochemical arsenal. This is the first report that checked the antifungal, and antioxidant activity and of a lesser concentration of metabolites produced after the action of f-MWCNTs in F. oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi.  This research highlights the potential of f-MWCNTs as antifungal agents, paving the way for innovative strategies in combating fungal pathogens and developing effective treatments.