Combined application of chemical fertilizers with organic amendments was recommended as a strategy for improving yield, soil carbon storage, and nutrient use efficiency.  However, how the long-term substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure affects rice yield, carbon sequestration rate (CSR), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while ensuring environmental safety remains unclear.  This study assessed the long-term effect of substituting chemical fertilizer with organic manure on rice yield, CSR, and NUE.  It also determined the optimum substitution ratio in the acidic soil of southern China.  The treatments were: (i) NPK₀, unfertilized control; (ii) NPK₁, 100% chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer; (iii) NPKM₁, 70% chemical NPK fertilizer and 30% organic manure; (iv) NPKM₂, 50% chemical NPK fertilizer and 50% organic manure; and (v) NPKM₃, 30% chemical NPK fertilizer and 70% organic manure.  Milk vetch and pig manure were sources of manure for early and late rice seasons, respectively.  The result showed that SOC content was higher in NPKM₁, NPKM₂, and NPKM₃ treatments than in NPK₀ and NPK₁ treatments.  The carbon sequestration rate increased by 140, 160, and 280% under NPKM₁, NPKM₂, and NPKM₃ treatments, respectively, compared to NPK₁ treatment.  Grain yield was 86.1, 93.1, 93.6, and 96.5% higher under NPK₁, NPKM₁, NPKM₂, and NPKM₃ treatments, respectively, compared to NPK₀ treatment.  The NUE in NPKM₁, NPKM₂, and NPKM₃ treatments was higher as compared to NPK₁ treatment for both rice seasons.  Redundancy analysis revealed close positive relationships of CSR with C input, total N, soil C:N ratio, catalase, and humic acids, whereas NUE was closely related to grain yield, grain N content, and phenol oxidase.  Furthermore, CSR and NUE negatively correlated with humin acid and soil C:P and N:P ratios.  The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) showed that NPKM₃ treatment was the optimum strategy for improving CSR and NUE.  Therefore, substituting 70% of chemical fertilizer with organic manure could be the best management option for increasing CSR and NUE in the paddy fields of southern China

施肥是提升土壤肥力促进作物增产的有效措施，长期不同施肥对土壤培肥的效果差别很大，依托中国农科院红壤实验站双季稻田连续38年不同施肥定位试验，研究了7种不同施肥处理CK（不施肥）；NPK（化学氮、磷、钾肥料）；M（腐熟牛粪）；NPKM（化学氮、磷、钾和牛粪）；NPM（化学氮、磷和牛粪）；NKM（化学氮、钾和牛粪）；PKM（化学磷、钾和牛粪）对水稻产量、稻田土壤肥力与养分表观平衡的影响。结果表明，各处理水稻年均产量由高到低为NPKM、NPM、NKM、PKM、M、NPK、CK，范围在6214-11562 kg hm²。长期有机无机配施处理（NPKM、NPM、NKM、PKM）较NPK的增产率分别为：22.58%、15.35%、10.53%、4.41%。长期有机无机配施处理（NPKM、NPM、NKM、PKM）的土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮、速效钾含量均显著高于CK和NPK，其中有机肥配施氮磷肥处理的NPKM、NPM、PKM土壤全磷和有效磷含量显著高于CK、NPK；NPKM处理的水稻年均产量（11562 kg hm²）、有机碳（20.88 g kg^-1）、土壤全氮（2.30 g kg^-1）、全磷（0.95 g kg^-1）、全钾（22.5 g kg^-1）、有效磷含量（38.94 mg kg^-1）均为各处理中最高，NKM处理土壤碱解氮含量（152.4mg kg^-1）和速效钾含量（151.00 mg kg^-1）为各处理最高。氮、磷施用量的增加导致土壤中氮、磷养分出现盈余，但NPKM处理相比其他处理能够有效降低盈余量；各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺。相关性分析表明土壤SOC、TN、AN、TP、AP含量均与水稻产量显著相关（P<0.05），相关系数分别为0.428、0.496、0.518、0.501和0.438。本研究表明，相比单施化肥，长期有机肥配施化肥通过提升土壤肥力，促进土壤养分平衡，显著增加水稻产量，其中有机肥配施氮磷钾肥(NPKM)对于土壤肥力和水稻产量的提升效果最好。

黄瓜是研究花发育的重要模式作物，控制花发育相关的基因通常具有特异的时空表达模式，原位杂交技术（ISH）被广泛应用在分析黄瓜茎端分生组织（SAM）和花芽组织（FM）的基因时空表达模式上。原位杂交的常用方法是石蜡原位杂交，然而石蜡原位杂交中组织包埋周期长，RNA容易降解，导致信号减弱。本研究基于石蜡原位杂交进行了优化建立了碳蜡原位杂交方法，具有操作简便，灵敏度高的优点。该方法一是使用低熔点的碳蜡，RNA保存好；二是结合了整体原位杂交的方法，在溶液中处理组织切片，解决了碳蜡不易粘片的问题。在文章中，利用碳蜡原位杂交方法，我们在黄瓜的茎端分生组织（SAM）和花芽组织（FM）中检测了CLV3和WUS1基因的表达模式，实验结果与前期研究结果一致，而且该方法比石蜡原位杂交周期缩短4-5天，信号强。同样地，该方法也成功用于拟南芥中CLV3和WUS1的表达模式分析，表明碳蜡原位杂交方法在大多数物种中具有普遍适用性。

植物的单性花可以有效促进异交，研究单性花的形成和调控机制对于理解植物性别决定过程有重要意义，也为研究者和农业生产者利用杂种优势提供便利。在黄瓜杂交制种过程中，将只开雌花的株系种植于只开雄花的株系周围，可以显著降低制种成本。筛选更多不同基因背景的只开雄花的材料，将增加可用于育种的种质资源。我们基于前期构建的EMS诱变自交系材料“406”的突变体库，发现了一个新的只开雄花的突变体。遗传分析、全基因组重测序和分子标记辅助验证表明，ACS11基因上发生的异义突变第301位丝氨酸（Ser）变为苯丙氨酸（Phe）导致全雄株的产生。体外酶活性测定表明，此突变导致酶活性完全丧失。本研究为黄瓜雄性亲本选育提供了新的种质资源，并为 ACS 酶的催化机理提供了新的认识。

 

该研究系统阐述了长期不同施肥对土壤剖面SOC和N库的影响，通过冗余分析了SOC团聚体组分及影响因素，三维表面分析深入理解剖面SOC和N库对作物产量的影响。与化肥处理相比，长期施用有机肥通过增加表土层 (0–20 cm）SOC输入、SOC储量、TN储量和土壤pH值来提高作物产量。不同施肥处理的SOC团聚体组分存在差异，所有处理SOC团聚体组分高低依次为矿物结合有机碳（mSOC）>粗自由颗粒有机碳（cfPOC）>物理保护有机碳（iPOC）>细自由颗粒有机碳（ffPOC）。施用有机肥处理的所有SOC组分含量均显著高于化肥处理。在不同SOC团聚体组分中，ffPOC对不同施肥处理的敏感性最高。单施有机肥（M）和有机无机肥配施（NPKM）显著提高了表层（0-20 cm）SOC和TN含量，与化肥处理相比，M和NPKM处理降低了深层土壤（80-100 cm）中的SOC和N含量，有利于减少养分垂直流动，从而减少养分的淋溶损失。

死体营养型病原菌立枯丝核菌是造成各种作物产量损失的破坏性真菌之一。在水稻上，该病原菌可侵染水稻叶鞘叶片引起纹枯病的发生，造成严重的产量损失和品质下降。目前，人们对植物如何应对该病原菌入侵的防御机制还知之甚少。为了探索水稻响应纹枯病菌侵染的分子机制，本研究以抗纹枯病水稻品种YSBR1为材料，采用蛋白质组学同位素相对标记与绝对定量技术（iTRAQ），筛选和分析纹枯病菌侵染前后的差异积累蛋白（differentially accumulated proteins, DAPs）。通过比较分析，总计鉴定到319个DAPs，其中161个上调积累、158个下调积累。GO和KEGG功能富集分析结果显示，这些DAPs涵盖了多种功能途径，其中大部分位于细胞氧化还原稳态、糖酵解过程、三羧酸循环、苯丙烷生物合成、光合作用、叶绿素生物合成过程及病程相关蛋白这七个信号途径。进一步采用荧光定量PCR方法，对从7个信号途径中各随机选择的2个DAPs基因进行转录水平验证，结果不仅证实本研究中筛选到的DAPs具有较高的可靠性，而且进一步证明这些途径确实参与水稻对纹枯病菌的侵染响应。结合这7个信号途径中的相关基因或蛋白的功能信息，认为其在水稻抵御纹枯病菌侵染过程中具有重要作用。另外，我们发现所有参与光合作用和叶绿素生物合成途径的DAPs及部分参与苯丙烷生物合成途径的DAPs在受到纹枯病菌侵染后均显著下调积累，暗示纹枯病菌侵染时可能优先攻击水稻的光合系统加速细胞死亡，进而通过抑制水稻体内苯丙烷的生物合成等信号削弱寄主防御反应，帮助其快速侵染和扩展。本研究结果为进一步解析水稻-纹枯病菌间的互作机制提供更多有价值的数据信息和新的视角。

后药浴剂是预防奶牛乳腺炎的有效手段之一，本研究旨在探究一种基于聚维酮碘-壳聚糖的乳头成膜药浴剂对奶牛乳腺炎的预防效果，主要包括以下几个方面：一、壳聚糖对奶牛乳腺炎致病菌抑菌效果的研究：利用最低抑菌浓度实验考察不同分子量壳聚糖（5，50，150，350 kDa）对六种常见乳腺炎致病菌的抑菌效果，结果显示50 kDa的壳聚糖对六种致病菌的抑菌效果最好，将其应用于下一步的药浴剂制备；二、壳聚糖添加量对成膜药浴剂抑菌性能的影响：利用药敏实验考察不同壳聚糖添加量（0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5%）对六种常见乳腺炎致病菌的抑菌效果，结果显示含4%聚维酮碘及1%壳聚糖的成膜药浴剂对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌的抑菌效果要显著大于含4%聚维酮碘的成膜药浴剂（P<0.05）；三、成膜药浴剂临床效果研究-乳区实验：选取47头健康中国荷斯坦牛进行为期56天的乳区对比实验，奶牛左侧2个乳区后药浴使用含4%聚维酮碘及1%壳聚糖的成膜药浴剂，右侧2个乳区后药浴使用10%聚维酮碘。在试验开始时（0天）和第28、56天时采集奶样，进行乳成分和乳中体细胞数（Somatic Cell Count，SCC）测定，同时针对SCC高于200,000个/mL的奶样进行致病菌的分离鉴定。结果表明：左侧乳区和右侧乳区奶样在0、28、56天时SCC及乳成分等指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。四、成膜药浴剂临床效果研究-牛群实验：选取139头健康中国荷斯坦奶牛进行为期56天的群体对比实验，其中对照组67头，实验组72头。对照组后药浴使用10%聚维酮碘，实验组后药浴使用聚维酮碘-壳聚糖成膜药浴剂。结果表明：56天时，实验组的隐性乳腺炎发病率比对照组降低了29% (P<0.05)。在实验组内，第56天的隐性乳腺炎发病率低于0天 (P<0.05)。此外，实验组和对照组奶样在0、28、56天时SCC、乳成分指标和临床乳腺炎发病率均无显著差异（P>0.05）。微生物分离鉴定实验结果表明基于聚维酮碘-壳聚糖的乳头成膜药浴剂可有效预防由肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和弗格森大肠杆菌引起的隐性乳腺炎。综上所述，含4%聚维酮碘及1%壳聚糖的成膜药浴剂预防奶牛隐性乳腺炎的效果要优于10%聚维酮碘，该研究为扩大壳聚糖在奶牛乳腺炎防治方面的应用，开发壳聚糖相关的绿色兽药产品提供了科学的理论依据。

Soil productivity (SP) without external fertilization influence is an important indicator for the capacity of a soil to support crop yield. However, there have been difficulties in estimating values of SPs for soils after various long-term field treatments because the treatment without external fertilization is used but is depleted in soil nutrients, leading to erroneous estimation. The objectives of this study were to estimate the change of SP across different cropping seasons using pot experiments, and to evaluate the steady SP value (which is defined by the basal contribution of soil itself to crop yield) after various longterm fertilization treatments in soils at different geographical locations. The pot experiments were conducted in Jinxian of Jiangxi Province with paddy soil, Zhengzhou of Henan Province with fluvo-aquic soil, and Gongzhuling of Jilin Province with black soils, China. Soils were collected after long-term field fertilization treatments of no fertilizer (control; CK-F), chemical fertilizer (NPK-F), and combined chemical fertilizer with manure (NPKM-F). The soils received either no fertilizer (F0) or chemical fertilizer (F1) for 3–6 cropping seasons in pots, which include CK-P (control; no fertilizer from long-term field experiments for pot experiments), NPK-P (chemical fertilizer from long-term field experiments for pot experiments), and NPKM-P (combined chemical and organic fertilizers from long-term field experiments for pot experiments). The yield data were used to calculate SP values. The initial SP values were high, but decreased rapidly until a relatively steady SP was achieved at or after about three cropping seasons for paddy and fluvo-aquic soils. The steady SP values in the third cropping season from CK-P, NPK-P, and NPKM-P treatments were 37.7, 44.1, and 50.0% in the paddy soil, 34.2, 38.1, and 50.0% in the fluvo-aquic soil, with the highest value observed in the NPKM-P treatment for all soils. However, further research is required in the black soils to incorporate more than three cropping seasons. The partial least squares path mode (PLS-PM) showed that total N (nitrogen) and C/N ratio (the ratio of soil organic carbon and total N) had positive effects on the steady SP for all three soils. These findings confirm the significance of the incorporation of manure for attaining high soil productivity. Regulation of the soil C/N ratio was the other main factor for steady SP through fertilization management.

The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity (BSP). In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments (1989–2008) on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT ver. 4.0) crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon (SOC) under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included: (1) no fertilization (control), (2) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NPK), (3) NPK plus manure (NPKM), (4) 1.5 times of NPKM (1.5NPKM), and (5) NPK plus straw (NPKS). After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize (P<0.01), and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha–1 when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha–1. Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil Olsen-P are key soil fertility indexes but information on their relationships is limited particularly under long-term fertilization. We investigated the relationships between SOC and the percentage of soil Olsen-P to total P (PSOPTP) under six different 15-yr (1990-2004) long-term fertilizations at two cropping systems in northern China. These fertilization treatments were (1) unfertilized control (control); (2) chemical nitrogen (N); (3) N plus chemical P (NP); (4) NP plus chemical potassium (NPK); (5) NPK plus animal manure (NPKM) and (6) high NPKM (hNPKM). Compared with their initial values in 1989 at both sites, during the 11th to 15th fertilization years annual mean SOC contents were significantly increased by 39.4-47.0% and 58.9-93.9% at Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, and Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, under the two NPKM fertilizations, respectively, while no significant changes under the no-P or chemical P fertilization. During the 11th to 15th fertilization years, annual mean PSOPTP was respectively increased by 2.6-4.2 and 5.8-14.1 times over the initial values under the two chemical P fertilizations and the two NPKM fertilizations, but was unchanged in their initial levels under the two no-P fertilizations at both sites. Over the 15-yr long-term fertilization SOC significantly positively correlated with PSOPTP (r2=0.55-0.79, P<0.01). We concluded that the combination of chemical P plus manure is an effective way to promote SOC accumulation and the percentage of soil Olsen-P to total P at the two mono-cropping system sites in northern China.

Increasing basic farmland soil productivity has significance in reducing fertilizer application and maintaining high yield of crops. In this study, we defined that the basic soil productivity (BSP) is the production capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local environment and field management. Based on 22-yr (1990-2011) long-term experimental data on black soil (Typic hapludoll) in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, Northeast China, the decision support system for an agro-technology transfer (DSSAT)-CERES-Maize model was applied to simulate the yield by BSP of spring maize (Zea mays L.) to examine the effects of long-term fertilization on changes of BSP and explore the mechanisms of BSP increasing. Five treatments were examined: (1) no-fertilization control (control); (2) chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK); (3) NPK plus farmyard manure (NPKM); (4) 1.5 time of NPKM (1.5NPKM) and (5) NPK plus straw (NPKS). Results showed that after 22-yr fertilization, the yield by BSP of spring maize significantly increased 78.0, 101.2, and 69.4% under the NPKM, 1.5NPKM and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value (in 1992), but not significant under NPK (26.9% increase) and the control (8.9% decrease). The contribution percentage of BSP showed a significant rising trend (P<0.05) under 1.5NPKM. The average contribution percentage of BSP among fertilizations ranged from 74.4 to 84.7%, and ranked as 1.5NPKM>NPKM>NPK≈NPKS, indicating that organic manure combined with chemical fertilizers (1.5NPKM and NPKM) could more effectively increase BSP compared with the inorganic fertilizer application alone (NPK) in the black soil. This study showed that soil organic matter (SOM) was the key factor among various fertility factors that could affect BSP in the black soil, and total N, total P and/or available P also played important role in BSP increasing. Compared with the chemical fertilization, a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization (NPKM or NPKS) not only increased the concentrations of soil nutrient, but also improved the soil physical properties, and structure and diversity of soil microbial population, resulting in an iincrease of BSP. We recommend that a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization (NPKM or NPKS) should be the fertilization practices to enhance spring maize yield and improve BSP in the black soil of Northeast China.