





中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (19): 4195-4207.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.19.001
张策(
), 张严妍, 刘璇东, 路笃贤, 林金星, 崔亚宁(
)
收稿日期:2025-12-03
接受日期:2026-01-27
出版日期:2026-10-01
发布日期:2026-10-10
通信作者:
联系方式:
张策,E-mail:zhangcece@bjfu.edu.cn。
基金资助:
ZHANG Ce(
), ZHANG YanYan, LIU XuanDong, LU DuXian, LIN JinXing, CUI YaNing(
)
Received:2025-12-03
Accepted:2026-01-27
Published:2026-10-01
Online:2026-10-10
摘要:
植物RNA修饰(表观转录组)是植物连接环境信号与基因表达调控的核心枢纽,赋予了植物在无法移动的情况下快速适应复杂逆境的能力。本文系统综述了N6-甲基腺嘌呤(m6A)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(m5C)和细胞器C-to-U编辑等关键修饰在植物应对非生物胁迫(盐、干旱、极端温度、重金属)和生物胁迫中的调控机制。重点阐述了RNA修饰如何通过调控转录本稳定性(如高粱SbABA2)、翻译效率(如拟南芥CBFs)和蛋白结构(如小麦线粒体NAD9)协调植物激素信号转导、活性氧平衡和能量代谢稳态。此外,还探讨了长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)修饰在逆境调控中的新兴作用。在检测技术方面,对比了MeRIP-seq、miCLIP和纳米孔直接测序(Nanopore DRS)等技术的性能差异,特别指出了Nanopore技术在解析林木等复杂基因组植物全长转录本中的优势;同时介绍了DART-FISH可视化及基于CRISPR-dCas13的定点表观编辑技术在功能验证中的应用。最后,提出了基于“靶点挖掘-精准编辑-种质创制”的表观转录组工程化育种策略,为培育高产稳产的抗逆作物新品种提供了新思路。
张策, 张严妍, 刘璇东, 路笃贤, 林金星, 崔亚宁. 植物表观转录组学:调控逆境响应的分子机制与抗逆育种展望[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(19): 4195-4207.
ZHANG Ce, ZHANG YanYan, LIU XuanDong, LU DuXian, LIN JinXing, CUI YaNing. Plant Epitranscriptomics: Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Stress Responses and Prospects for Stress-Resistant Breeding[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(19): 4195-4207.
表1
植物RNA修饰的主要类型及生化特征"
| 修饰分类 Modification category | 修饰类型 Modification type | 生化特征/原理 Biochemical characteristics/mechanism | 主要功能/调控作用 Main function/regulatory role | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 甲基化修饰Methylation | N6-甲基腺嘌呤m6A N6-methyladenosine m6A | 在腺嘌呤的N6位引入甲基基团,由甲基转移酶复合物识别RRACH基序催化形成 Methyl group is introduced at the N6 position of adenine; catalyzed by the methyltransferase complex recognizing the RRACH motif | 在转录后水平精确调控RNA的剪接、翻译和降解等关键过程 Precisely regulates key post-transcriptional processes such as RNA splicing, translation, and degradation | [ |
| N1-甲基腺苷m1A N1-methyladenosine m1A | 在腺苷N1位引入甲基,破坏经典Watson-Crick碱基配对,促使形成Hoogsteen配对 Methyl group introduced at the N1 position of adenosine; disrupts canonical Watson-Crick base pairing and promotes Hoogsteen pairing | 广泛参与RNA稳定性调控与翻译效率调节,在tRNA中促进翻译,在mRNA中多表现为翻译抑制 Widely regulates RNA stability and translation efficiency; promotes translation in tRNA, while often manifesting as translation repression in mRNA | [ | |
| 5-甲基胞嘧啶m5C 5-methylcytosine m5C | 胞嘧啶第五位碳的甲基化,以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸为甲基供体,主要由NSUN家族甲基转移酶催化 Methylation at the 5th carbon of cytosine using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor; mainly catalyzed by the NSUN family of methyltransferases | 参与mRNA核质转运,增强3′-UTR区域稳定性,调控可变剪接事件 Participates in mRNA nucleocytoplasmic transport, enhances 3′-UTR stability, and regulates alternative splicing events | [ | |
| 异构化修饰Isomerization | 假尿苷Ψ Pseudouridine | 尿苷经由异构化反应形成的C5-C1糖苷键结构产物。结构转变显著增强RNA分子的结构刚性 Product of C5-C1 glycosidic bond formation via uridine isomerization. This structural shift significantly enhances the structural rigidity of the RNA molecule | 通过影响RNA稳定性,核质运输,翻译效率等代谢环节,拓展表观转录组调控的复杂性边界 Expands the complexity of epitranscriptomic regulation by influencing metabolic steps such as RNA stability, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and translation efficiency | [ |
| 脱氨编辑Deamination editing | C-to-U编辑植物细胞器主导 (注:A-to-I编辑)C-to-U editingplant organelle dominant (A-to-I Editing) | 胞嘧啶(C)脱氨基转化为尿嘧啶(U),主要PPR蛋白家族识别并招募编辑酶催化,常发生于线粒体和叶绿体mRNA中 Deamination of cytosine (C) to uracil (U); primarily recognized by the PPR protein family which recruits editing enzymes; commonly occurs in mitochondrial and chloroplast mRNA 在高等植物中极罕见,主要存在于动物或真菌中,植物中主要表现为上述C-to-U类型 Rare in higher plants (mainly found in animals/fungi); plants primarily exhibit the C-to-U type mentioned above | 修复基因组中的T-to-C突变,恢复保守氨基酸序列;在逆境下通过改变蛋白二级结构维持细胞器功能稳态 Corrects genomic T-to-C mutations to restore conserved amino acid sequences; maintains organelle functional homeostasis under stress by altering protein secondary structure | [ |
表2
植物RNA修饰主流检测技术的性能参数与适用性对比"
| 技术类别 Technology category | 具体方法 Specific method | 核心原理 Core principle | 分辨率 Resolution | 样本起始量 Input RNA amount | 定量能力 Quantification capability | 优势与局限 Advantages & limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高通量测序High-throughput sequencing | 甲基化RNA免疫共沉淀测序MeRIP-seq | 抗体富集+NGS Antibody enrichment+NGS | ~100 nt | 常规: >100 μg Routine: >100 μg 优化: ~500 ng Optimized: ~500 ng | 相对定量,Peak富集度 Relative quantification, Peak enrichment | 优势:通量高,技术成熟,适合初筛 Pros: High throughput, mature technology, suitable for initial screening 局限:分辨率低,依赖抗体特异性,无法精确定位 Cons: Low resolution, relies on antibody specificity, cannot pinpoint exact locations |
| 甲基化诱导交联免疫共沉淀miCLIP | 抗体交联+逆转录突变 Antibody cross-linking+RT mutation | 单碱基Single-base | >10 μg | 半定量 Semi-quantitative | 优势:单碱基分辨率 Pros: Single-base resolution 局限:建库复杂,交联效率低,丢失部分低丰度位点 Cons: Complex library prep, low cross- linking efficiency, loss of some low- abundance sites | |
| 无偏倚亚硫酸氢盐测序UBS-seq | 高温重亚硫酸盐处理 High-temp bisulfite treatment | 单碱基Single-base | 10-20 ng | 绝对定量,m5C比例 Absolute quantification, m5C ratio | 优势:反应时间缩短13倍,DNA损伤极低,超高灵敏度 Pros: Reaction time shortened by 13x, extremely low nucleic acid damage, ultra-high sensitivity 局限:仅适用于m5C Cons: Only applicable to m5C | |
| 亚硫酸氢盐诱导缺失测序BID-seq | 重亚硫酸盐诱导缺失 Bisulfite-induced deletion | 单碱基Single-base | 10-20 ng | 绝对定量,Ψ比例 Absolute quantification, Ψ ratio | 优势:首次实现Ψ绝对定量,无化学背景噪声 Pros: First realization of absolute Ψ quantification, no chemical background noise 局限:需精确控制反应条件 Cons: Requires precise control of reaction conditions | |
| 单分子测序Single molecule sequencing | 纳米孔直接RNA测序Nanopore DRS | 电流信号直接读取 Direct current signal reading | 单碱基Single-base | >500 ng (polyA+) | 绝对定量,修饰比例 Absolute quantification, modification fraction | 优势:全长读取,无PCR偏好,适合高GC/复杂基因组(如林木) Pros: Full-length reading, no PCR bias, suitable for high GC/complex genomes (e.g., forest trees) 局限:错误率相对较高,需机器学习算法校正 Cons: Relatively high error rate, requires machine learning algorithms for correction |
| 位点验证 Site validation | 基于单碱基延伸与连接的qPCR扩增技术SELECT | 连接酶介导qPCR Ligase-mediated qPCR | 位点特异Site-specific | ~10 ng | 相对定量,Ct值 Relative quantification, Ct value | 优势:低成本,无需测序,适合大样本验证 Pros: Low cost, no sequencing needed, suitable for large sample validation 局限:只能检测已知位点,非高通量 Cons: Can only detect known sites, not high-throughput |
| 原位成像In situ imaging | 基于靶点邻近脱氨的荧光原位杂交技术DART-FISH | APOBEC1编辑+Padlock探针 APOBEC1 editing + Padlock probes | 单细胞Single-cell | 原位细胞 In situ cell | 可视定性 Visual qualitative | 优势:空间分辨率,区分修饰/非修饰转录本 Pros: Spatial resolution, distinguishes modified/unmodified transcripts 局限:探针设计复杂,通量低 Cons: Complex probe design, low throughput |
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