渭北旱塬苹果病虫害全程生物防控技术应用效果评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.06.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】制约我国苹果产业绿色发展的关键问题之一在于对其病虫害绿色防控技术较为欠缺。本研究对已构建的渭北旱塬苹果病虫害全程生物防控技术的应用效果进行综合评价，为该技术体系的推广提供依据。【方法】2019与2020年连续两年在西北农林科技大学旱塬生态农业科技试验示范站（渭南市澄城县）的苹果园，设置生物防控处理区和常规防控处理区，分别采用病虫害全程生物防控技术（自每年3月起至11月底，根据病虫害发生情况，全部采用生物农药处理）和当地现行的以化学农药为主的防治技术，测定苹果的产量、品质并调查果园天敌昆虫发生动态，并由第三方机构检测苹果叶片、果实及果园土壤中的农药残留。【结果】采用全程生物防控技术果园2019与2020年的苹果产量分别为51 585和53 639 kg·hm^-2，与常规防控果园并无显著差异；全程生物防控果园苹果的果型、硬度与可食率等一般物理性状与常规防控果园无显著差异，但其单果质量优于常规防控果园产出的苹果，两年分别达到了342.89和377.89 g；2019年，全程生物防控果园苹果可溶性固形物、pH、Vc含量及可溶性糖含量均显著高于常规防控果园苹果，而可滴定酸含量显著低于常规防控果园苹果，各项指标分别为17.06%、4.69、9.23 mg/100 g、16.60%和0.26%，两年的结果表现出相似性和一致性；两年间全程生物防控果园的苹果果实、苹果叶片和土壤中均未发现农药残留，而在常规防控果园中检测到戊唑醇、高效氯氟氰菊酯、毒死蜱等多种化学农药残留；此外全程生物防控果园天敌昆虫数量显著高于常规防控果园天敌昆虫数量。以七星瓢虫为例，在2019年5月24日，全程生物防控果园七星瓢虫为1.5头/梢，而常规防控果园仅0.5头/梢。且全程生物防控果园天敌昆虫种群存在时间比常规防控果园长。2019年5月3日至7月12日，全程生物防控果园七星瓢虫持续出现71 d，而常规防控果园仅出现50 d。【结论】采用全程生物防控技术果园的苹果产量与常规防控果园并无显著差异，但苹果品质更好，无农药残留，且天敌昆虫（七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫和草蛉）数量更多。该技术体系表现出良好的经济、环境和生态效益，且果品质量达到食品安全的要求，可为有机苹果生产提供技术参考，具有进一步推广应用价值。

关键词: 有机苹果, 生物防控, 食品安全, 生物农药

Abstract:

【Objective】 One of the key problems restricting the green development of apple industry in China lies in the lack of green prevention and control technology of pests. In this paper, the application effect of the whole-process biological management technology for apple pests (WBTAP) in Weibei Dry Highland was comprehensively evaluated, hoping to provide a basis for the extension of the technology system. 【Method】 In the apple orchards of Ecological Agriculture Science and Technology Experiment and Demonstration Station in the highland of Northwest A&F University (Chengcheng County, Weinan City), the biological management area and the conventional management area were set up. The biological management area adopted WBTAP (from March to the end of November, all biopesticides were applied according to the occurrence of pests), while the conventional management area adopted the current local control technology which mainly based on chemical pesticides. The yield and quality of apple and the dynamics of natural enemy insects in orchard were determined by publicly reported methods, and pesticide residues in apple leaf, fruit and orchard soil were detected by third-party organizations. The experiment has been carried out for two consecutive years in 2019 and 2020. 【Result】 The apple yields of orchards with WBTAP in 2019 and 2020 were 51 585 and 53 639 kg·hm^-2, respectively, which were not significantly different from those of conventional chemical management technology of apple pests (CCTAP). There was no significant difference in the general physical properties of apples, such as fruit shape, firmness and edible rate between the two management technologies, but the single fruit weight of WBTAP orchard was better than that of CCTAP orchard, reaching 342.89 and 377.89 g in two years, respectively. In 2019, the soluble solid, pH, Vc content and soluble sugar content of apples in the WBTAP orchard were significantly higher than those in the CCTAP orchard, while the titratable acid content was significantly lower than that in the CCTAP orchard, and the indexes were 17.06%, 4.69, 9.23 mg/100 g, 16.60% and 0.26%, respectively. The results of two years showed similarity and consistency. No pesticide residue was found in apple fruits, leaves and soil in the WBTAP orchard during the two years, while many chemical pesticide residues such as tebuconazole, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos were detected in the CCTAP orchard. In addition, the number of natural enemy insects in the WBTAP orchard was significantly higher than that in the CCTAP orchard. Taking Coccinella septempunctata as an example, on May 24th, 2019, there were 1.5 ladybirds per shoot in the WBTAP orchard, while there was only 0.5 ladybird in the CCTAP orchard. The natural enemy insects in the WBTAP orchard also existed longer than in the CCTAP orchard. From May 3rd to July 12th, 2019, C. septempunctata appeared for 71 days in the WBTAP orchard, but only for 50 days in the CCTAP orchard. 【Conclusion】 There was no significant difference in apple yield between the WBTAP orchard and CCTAP orchard, but the apple quality of WBTAP orchard was better. No pesticide residues were found in apple fruits, leaves and soil in the WBTAP orchard, and the number of natural enemy insects (C. septempunctata, Harmonia axyridis and Chrysopa) in the WBTAP orchard was significantly higher than that in the CCTAP orchard. The technology system shows excellent economic, environmental and ecological benefits, and the fruit quality reaches the requirements of food safety. It can provide technical reference for organic apple production, and has the value of further popularization and application.

Key words: organic apple, biological management, food safety, biopesticide

孙政, 赖忠晓, 赵晓敏, 江志利, 陈光友, 马志卿. 渭北旱塬苹果病虫害全程生物防控技术应用效果评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(6): 1102-1112.

SUN Zheng, LAI ZhongXiao, ZHAO XiaoMin, JIANG ZhiLi, CHEN GuangYou, MA ZhiQing. Application Evaluation of the Whole-Process Biological Management Scheme for Apple Pests in the Weibei Dry Highland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(6): 1102-1112.

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处理 Treatment	产量Yield (kg·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	2019	2020
生防果园WBTAP orchard	51585±173a	53639±161a
常规果园CCTAP orchard	52160±225a	54595±304a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	果型 Fruit shape	果型指数 Fruit shape index	果实硬度 Fruit firmness (kg·cm^-2)	单果质量 Single fruit weight (g)	可食率 Edible rate (%)
2019	常规果园CCTAP orchard	椭圆形 Oval	0.86±0.22	10.28±0.18	277.73±9.21	82.64±1.23
2019	生防果园 WBTAP orchard	椭圆形 Oval	0.85±0.13	11.76±0.42	342.89±16.88*	85.07±0.91
2020	常规果园CCTAP orchard	椭圆形 Oval	0.82±0.11	11.75±0.38	286.66±14.38	82.20±1.08
2020	生防果园WBTAP orchard	椭圆形 Oval	0.84±0.26	13.12±0.31	377.89±18.65*	84.48±1.57

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solid content (%)	可滴定酸含量 Titratable total acid content (%)	pH	Vc含量 Vc content (mg/100 g)	可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar content (%)
2019	常规果园CCTAP orchard	14.78±0.16	0.35±0.27*	3.77±0.91	6.71±0.13	12.61±0.26
2019	生防果园WBTAP orchard	17.06±0.25*	0.26±0.44	4.69±0.68*	9.23±0.14*	16.60±0.41*
2020	常规果园CCTAP orchard	15.07±0.16	0.33±0.38*	3.98±0.56	6.97±0.21	13.80±0.14
2020	生防果园WBTAP orchard	18.50±0.18*	0.21±0.67	5.24±0.44*	9.72±0.15*	18.23±0.58*

年份Year	检测项目Test item	检测结果Test result
2019	果肉Pulp	未检出Not detected
	叶片Leaf	未检出Not detected
	土壤Soil	未检出Not detected
2020	果肉Pulp	未检出Not detected
	叶片Leaf	未检出Not detected
	土壤Soil	未检出Not detected

年份 Year	检测项目 Test item	检测结果 Test result	残留量 Residue (mg·kg^-1)	最大残留限量 Maximum residue limit (MRL) (mg·kg^-1)
2019	果肉Pulp	未检出Not detected	/	/
	叶片Leaf	苯醚甲环唑Difenoconazole	0.10	0.5
		戊唑醇Tebuconazole	0.84	2
		高效氯氟氰菊酯Lambda-cyhalothrin	0.28	0.2
		氰戊菊酯和S-氰戊菊酯Fenvalerate and esfenvalerate	0.119	1
		多效唑Paclobutrazol	0.049	0.5
		毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos	0.028	1
	土壤Soil	戊唑醇Tebuconazole	0.039	/
2020	果肉Pulp	多菌灵和苯菌灵Carbendazim and benomyl	0.004	5
	叶片Leaf	苯醚甲环唑Difenoconazole	0.113	0.5
		戊唑醇Tebuconazole	0.65	2
		氰戊菊酯Fenvalerate	0.084	1
		多效唑Paclobutrazol	0.077	0.5
		高效氯氟氰菊酯Lambda-cyhalothrin	0.106	0.2
		啶虫脒Acetamiprid	0.058	0.8
		多菌灵Carbendazim	0.044	5
		毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos	0.127	1
	土壤Soil	苯醚甲环唑Difenoconazole	0.076	/
		戊唑醇Tebuconazole	0.104	/
		氰戊菊酯Fenvalerate	0.04	/
		多效唑Paclobutrazol	0.089	/
		高效氯氟氰菊酯Lambda-cyhalothrin	0.055	/
		啶虫脒Acetamiprid	0.108	/
		多菌灵和苯菌灵Carbendazim and benomyl	0.036	/
		毒死蜱Chlorpyrifos	0.082	/