不同方式周年覆盖对黄土高原玉米农田土壤水热的调控效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.15.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探究黄土高原半干旱区不同覆盖方式调控土壤水、热与持续增产、增效的协同效应，为该区确立高效、环保覆盖方式提供理论依据。【方法】设置塑料地膜全膜覆盖（PM）、降解膜全膜覆盖（BM）、膜垄种植（RH）和秸秆覆盖（SM）4种不同周年覆盖（休闲期+生育期）方式，以裸地不覆盖为对照（CT），通过3年大田定位试验，研究不同覆盖方式对土壤水、热时空动态变化规律及其利用特征的影响。【结果】周年覆盖能有效抑制休闲期土壤水分无效蒸发，提高降水潜在利用效率，PM、BM、RH和SM处理休闲期分别较CT多储水53、51、32和36 mm，降水潜在利用效率分别提高了14%、12%、11%和10%。地膜覆盖增温显著，有效提高了玉米干物质累积速度，缩短了其生育进程，其中PM、BM和RH处理拔节期分别较CT提前了15、8和 7 d，成熟期分别提前了17、7和7 d。与CT处理相比，PM、BM和RH处理产量增幅分别为52%、32%和27%，积温生产效率分别提高了57%、15%和58%，水分利用效率分别提高了31%、14%和26%，降水利用效率分别提高了53%、27%和29%，耗水系数则分别降低了33%、21%和22%。SM处理能有效增加玉米生育期土壤储水量，但土壤温度的降低导致其生长发育迟缓，其拔节期和成熟期分别较CT推迟了4 d和5 d，最终产量、水分生产效率和积温生产效率分别降低了21%、18%和9%。PM处理增加了农田耗水量，其季末供水能力分别较BM、RH和SM降低了19、56和86 mm。但PM处理土壤水分平衡受生育中后期降水量影响较大，2015 年 7—9 月降水量较多年平均值减少71 mm，PM处理收获期100—200 cm土层土壤储水量较CT处理减少28 mm，并较土壤稳定度降低5.4 mm，造成深层土壤水分亏缺。【结论】塑料地膜全膜覆盖是黄土高原半干旱区协同提高土壤水、热资源利用效率，增加玉米产量的有效措施，然而在玉米生育中后期遭遇干旱容易引起深层土壤水分亏缺和产量波动；降解膜全膜覆盖和膜垄种植处理的增温和增产效果均弱于塑料地膜全膜覆盖，但更有利于维持土壤水分平衡；秸秆覆盖降温、减产效果明显，不推荐在气温较低的半干旱区应用。

关键词: 地面覆盖；土壤水分；土壤温度；玉米产量, 水分利用效率；半干旱区

Abstract: &【Objective】To indentify the synergy effects of different mulching patterns on soil water and temperature for improving maize (Zea mays L.) productivity sustainably, and to provide a theoretical evidence for establishing efficient and environmentally friendly mulching patterns in semi-arid areas of Loess Plateau.【Method】A 3-years located expeiment with four mulching patterns during the whole season were carried out in the experiment area: Full amount plastic film (PM), degradable film mulching (BM), ridge and furrow planting with plastic film mulched on the ridges (RH) and straw mulching (SM), and conventional flat planting without mulching (CT) was used as the control. Then the effects of different mulching patterns on soil water and temperature spatiotemporal dynamic variations and utilization characters were also studied thoroughly. 【Result】The results showed that mulching during the whole season significantly inhibited the invalid evaporation of soil during the fallow season and improved potential precipitation use efficiency (PPE). With PM, BM, RH and SM, the precipitation storage during the fallow season increased by 53, 51, 32 and 36 mm compared with CT, respectively, and the PPE increased by 14%, 12%, 11% and 10%, respectively. Film mulching significantly improved soil temperature, thereby improved the biomass accumulation rate and shortened the growth and developmental process of maize, and the jointing stage and maturity stage under PM, BM and RH advanced by 15, 8 and 7 d, and 17, 7 and 7 d, respectively, compared with CT. PM, BM and RH increased yield by 52%, 32% and 27%, improved accumulated temperature use efficiency (TUE) by 57%, 15% and 58%, increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 31%, 14% and 26%, increased precipitation use efficiency (PUE) by 53%, 27% and 29%, and reduced water consumption coefficient (WUC) by 33%, 21% and 22%, respectively, compared with CT. SM increased soil water storage during the maize growth season, but decreased soil temperature and presented retarded growth, the jointing stage and maturity stage with SM delayed by 4 d and 5 d, respectively, which decreased the yield, WUE and TUE by 21%, 18% and 9%, respectively, compared with CT. PM intensified the utilization of soil water, then the water supply capacity at the end of the season (WSC) under PM decreased by 19, 56 and 86 mm, compared with BM, RH and SM, respectively. The soil water balance under PM was greatly affected by the precipitation amount during the middle and late growth stage of maize. The precipitation amount from July to September during 2015 reduced 71 mm compared with the average value during many years, and the soil water storage in the 100-200 cm layer under PM reduced 28 mm compared with CT, and 5.4 mm compared with stable soil water storage, which caused water deficit in the deep soil layer.【Conclusion】PM would be a usefull method to improve the efficiency of soil hydrothermall resource utilization and to increase maize yield in semi-arid area of Loess Plateau, which accompanied with risks for maintaining deep soil water balance and stablizeing crop yield in the year with droughts during the middle and late growth stage of maize. BM and RH had weak effects on increasing soil temperature and maize yield compared with PM, whereas they were more benifical to maintain the balance of soil water. SM showed a significant effect on soil temeprature decreasing and yield reduction, which was not recommended in the semi-arid area with low temperatures.

Key words: mulching, soil water, soil temperature, maize yield, water use efficiency, semi-arid areas

吴杨，贾志宽，边少锋，王永军. 不同方式周年覆盖对黄土高原玉米农田土壤水热的调控效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(15): 2872-2885.

WU Yang, JIA ZhiKuan, BIAN ShaoFeng, WANG YongJun. Regulation Effects of Different Mulching Patterns During the Whole Season on Soil Water and Temperature in the Maize Field of Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(15): 2872-2885.

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