中华蜜蜂二倍体雄蜂人工培育及形态测定

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.22.019

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana cerana）二倍体雄蜂并进行人工培育，测定其形态指标，明确中华蜜蜂二倍体雄蜂的生物学特性。【方法】采用复式移虫方法培育中华蜜蜂蜂王，待蜂王性成熟时进行CO₂麻醉处理后放回原群，用糖水进行奖励饲喂。蜂王产下大量未受精卵，待雄蜂出房后采用颜料进行标记。雄蜂性成熟后，利用蜂王人工授精技术使蜂王与本群子代雄蜂进行母子回交（多雄交配）。控制蜂王产卵，将工蜂巢房中刚孵化的幼虫移至恒温恒湿培养箱（相对湿度：95%；温度：35℃）中进行人工培育。幼虫前3日龄食物配制为：蜂王浆90％，无菌水10％；第4—6日龄食物成分比例为：蜂王浆50％，葡萄糖6％，果糖6％，酵母抽出物1％，无菌水37％；从第7日龄起食物比例为：蜂王浆43％，葡萄糖9％，果糖9％，酵母抽出物1％，无菌水38％，直到幼虫进入排便期为止。采用流式细胞仪对人工培育和蜂群工蜂巢房出房的雄蜂进行倍性鉴定，并对蜂群工蜂巢房出房的单倍雄蜂和二倍体雄蜂进行形态指标测定比较。【结果】室内人工培育的中华蜜蜂总羽化率偏低，平均为36％，其中26.9％为雄蜂；通过流式细胞仪分析雄蜂倍性发现人工培育的雄蜂92％为二倍体，蜂群工蜂巢房中出房的雄蜂82%为二倍体雄蜂；形态指标测定显示，二倍体雄蜂的初生重与生殖器官重分别为99.78和6.05 mg，均比单倍体雄蜂（分别为105.64和7.02 mg）显著偏小，而前翅长、前翅宽、翅钩数等指标差异不显著。【结论】中华蜜蜂近亲交配的蜂群会产生二倍体雄蜂，部分二倍体雄蜂可在蜂群中发育至成蜂出房，其形态指标与单倍体雄蜂存在一定差异。

关键词: 中华蜜蜂, 二倍体雄蜂, 人工培育, 形态测定

Abstract: 【Objective】 The objective of this experiment is to study artificial rearing and determination of morphological index of diploid drones, and to reveal the biological characters of Apis cerana cerana. 【Method】 Queens were firstly reared by the method of larvae double-transferring, and then anaesthetized with CO₂. The colony were fed with sucrose for stimulative feeding. Unfertilized eggs were laid by queen, and they were marked by painting after emergence. Haploid drones of sexual maturity were caught for insemination with their mother queen. The queen was then controlled to lay eggs on an empty frame. Larvae developed from the eggs were transferred to incubator (RH: 95%; T: 35℃) for artificial rearing. Larvae in first 3 days were fed with diet containing 90% royal jelly and 10% ddH₂O. During 4-6 days old, the larvae food was changed to 50% royal jelly, 6% fructose, 6% glucose, 1% yeast extract and 37% ddH₂O. From 7 days old to defecating period the diet is constituted of 43% royal jelly, 9% fructose, 9% glucose, 1% yeast extract and 38% ddH₂O. The cell ploidy of cultivated drones was determined using flow cytometry instrument and morphological index of haploid and diploid drones in colony were measured. 【Result】 The total emerged rate in honeybee of artificial feeding was low (36% in average), in which 26.9% were drones. There were 92% of emerged drones reared in vitro and 82% developed in natural colony drones were diploid examined by the cell ploidy. According to the morphological index investigation, the birth weight and reproductive organs of diploid drones (99.78 and 6.05 mg, respectively) were significantly smaller than that of haploid drones (105.64 and 7.02 mg, respectively), and in other indexs (the fore wing length, the fore wing width, the number of the hooks on the wing, etc) the difference was not significant. 【Conclusion】 After inbreeding, the queens (A. cerana cerana) can produce the diploid drones, and some larvae can reach adult stage. And some morphological differences exist between them and haploid drones.

Key words: Apis cerana cerana; diploid drones, artificial rearing, morphological determination

甘海燕，李淑云，曾志将，颜伟玉. 中华蜜蜂二倍体雄蜂人工培育及形态测定[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(22): 4533-4539.

GAN Hai-yan, LI Shu-yun, ZENG Zhi-jiang, YAN Wei-yu. Artificial Rearing and Morphological Determination of the Diploid Honey Bee in Apis cerana cerana[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(22): 4533-4539.

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