基于功能-结构模型的玉米大豆间作不同行向辐射分布研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.10.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】构建不同种植模式和行向的玉米大豆间作功能-结构模型，为解析玉米大豆间作系统的产量优势、生长发育规律及种植模式和行向对光截获、光分配和辐射利用效率的影响提供有力支持。【方法】基于不同种植模式的玉米大豆间作田间试验，解析种植行向如南北行向、东西行向、传统行向（梨树当地长期使用的种植行向，即南偏西40^o）对作物生物量、产量和形态结构的影响，构建玉米大豆间作功能-结构模型，模拟不同种植模式和行向下作物群体生长发育和结构变化，量化种植行向对间作系统光截获量和辐射利用效率的影响，并探索玉米大豆间作高光截获量的最佳种植行向。【结果】玉米大豆间作系统的籽粒土地当量比（land equivalent ratio，LER）南北行向最高（1.20±0.07），东西行向最低（1.16±0.09）。构建的模型较好地模拟了不同种植方式和种植行向下玉米和大豆的生长发育，与田间实测值相比，玉米株高、单株叶面积和冠层光截获系数的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.09—0.14 m、0.04—0.08 m²·plant^-1和0.07—0.12，大豆株高、单株叶面积和冠层光截获系数的RMSE分别为0.07—0.09 m、0.02—0.04 m²·plant^-1和0.09—0.10。传统行向间作系统的累积光截获量最高，为（758.48±1.00）MJ·m^-2，南北行向和东西行向的辐射利用效率比传统行向分别降低了7.18%、10.57%。【结论】间作种植可以提高玉米生物量和产量，降低大豆生物量和产量。玉米大豆间作种植模式中，种植行向对作物生长有显著影响，矮秆大豆通过改变叶片大小、节间长度和叶柄倾角规避高秆玉米的遮荫影响，以增加受光量和辐射利用效率，最终提高产量。种植行向对群体累积光截获影响较大，间作系统的辐射利用效率与累积光截获量均表现为传统行向>南北行向>东西行向。本研究有助于田间布局优化，为解释不同种植行向玉米大豆间作的光截获和光分配提供了数据支持。

关键词: 玉米大豆间作, 种植行向, 植物功能-结构模型, 植物性状, 辐射利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to develop functional-structural models of maize-soybean intercropping with different planting patterns and row orientations, so as to provide the support for analyzing the yield advantages, growth and developmental patterns, and the effects of planting patterns and row orientations on light interception, light distribution, and radiation use efficiency.【Method】 In this study, one year maize-soybean field experiment with two planting patterns (sole crop and 2:2 MS) and three row orientations (North-South orientation, East-West orientation and Control orientation (Lishu original planting orientation: south-west 40)) was conducted to analyze the effects of planting pattern and row orientation on the performance of biomass, yield and plant architecture. The three-dimensional functional-structural plant (FSP) model was used to simulate crop growth, development, structure and light interception in different planting patterns and row orientations, and to quantify the effects of planting patterns and row orientations on light interception and radiation use efficiency. Row orientation with high light interception was also explored using the FSP model.【Result】 The grain yield land equivalent ratio (LER) under 2:2 MS was the highest in NS orientation (1.20±0.07) and the lowest in EW orientation (1.16±0.09). The FSP model well simulated the growth and development of maize and soybean in different planting patterns and row orientations. Compared with the measured values in the maize field experiment and the simulated values, the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.09-0.14 m for plant height, 0.04-0.08 m²·plant^-1 for leaf area per plant and 0.07-0.12 for the fraction of light interception; for soybean, the RMSE was 0.07-0.09 m for plant height, 0.02-0.04 m²·plant^-1 for leaf area per plant and 0.09-0.10 for the fraction of light interception. The accumulated light interception for 2:2 MS in Control orientation was the highest, which was (758.48±1.00) MJ·m^-2. Compared with the Control orientation, the radiation use efficiency reduced 7.18% for NS orientation and 10.57% for EW orientation.【Conclusion】 Intercropping increased maize biomass and yield, but reduced soybean biomass and yield. Row orientation had a significant effect in maize-soybean intercropping system. Soybean adapted to the shading by changing morphological characteristics, such as leaf size, internode length, and petiole inclination, to increase the amount of light and optimize the photosynthetic efficiency, which was ultimately converted into an increase in yield. The planting row orientation had a great effect on the light interception, the radiation use efficiency and light interception of the intercropping system showed that the control orientation was better than NS orientation and EW orientation. The results of this study would help to optimize field management and provide the data and technical support for explaining the rational interception and distribution for maize-soybean intercropping in different row orientations.

Key words: maize-soybean intercropping, row orientation, functional-structural plant model, plant traits, radiation use efficiency

周也莹, 谢子文, 钟培阁, 李双伟, 马韫韬. 基于功能-结构模型的玉米大豆间作不同行向辐射分布研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(10): 1882-1899.

ZHOU YeYing, XIE ZiWen, ZHONG PeiGe, LI ShuangWei, MA YunTao. Quantification of Row Orientation Effects on Radiation Distribution in Maize-Soybean Intercropping Based on Functional-Structural Plant Model[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(10): 1882-1899.

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月份 Month	5月 May	6月 June	7月 July	8月 August	9月 September
月平均温度 Monthly mean temperature （^oC）	17.6	22.6	25.9	22.1	15.6
月总降雨量 Monthly total precipitation （mm）	35.8	63.2	138.8	190.0	37.2
光合有效辐射 PAR（MJ·m^-2）	206.3	206.6	205.2	163.7	154.1

性状 Characteristic	参数 Parameter	含义 Meaning
出叶间隔Leaf-out interval	slope (℃d)	连续叶尖出现的热时间Thermal time of emergence of successive leaf tips
玉米、大豆叶长^[32⇓-34] Maize and soybean leaf length	L_m (cm)	器官最终长度的最大值Maximum final length of the organ
	b	尺度参数Scale parameter
	r_m	器官最终长度达到最大值时的节位Node position when the organ's final length reaches its maximum
大豆叶柄长^[32⇓-34] Soybean petiole length	L_i,m (cm)	器官最终长度的最大值Maximum final length of the organ
	b_p	尺度参数Scale parameter
	r_i,m	器官最终长度达到最大值时的节位Node position when the organ's final length reaches its maximum
玉米、大豆叶宽^[33] Maize and soybean leaf width	a₁	线性模型的斜率Slope of the linear model
玉米、大豆叶宽^[33] Maize and soybean leaf width	w₀	线性模型的截距Intercept of the linear model
玉米、大豆节间长度^[32⇓-34] Maize and soybean internode length	I_m / I_I,m (cm)	节间最终长度最大值Maximum final length of the internode
	r₁ / b_I	斜率系数Slope coefficient
	K₁ / r_I,m	曲线位于转折点时的节位Node position when the curve is at the inflection point
玉米、大豆节间直径^[33,35] Maize and soybean internode diameter	D_m(mm)	植株基部节间直径的最大值Maximum diameter of the plant base internode
	k₂	斜率系数Slope coefficient
	r₂	曲线位于转折点时的节位Node position when the curve is at the inflection point
玉米、大豆倾角^[33] Maize and soybean declination angle	a₂(^o)	a₂＋c为r=0时的叶倾角Leaf tilt angle when r = 0, expressed as a₂ + c
	b₂	水平范围Horizontal range
	c	当r逐渐变大时的渐近线Asymptote as r increases

参数 Parameter	传统行向 Control orientation				南北行向 NS orientation				东西行向 EW orientation
	单作 Sole		间作Intercropping		单作Sole		间作Intercropping		单作Sole		间作Intercropping
	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE
slope (℃d)	50.10	1.10	50.10	1.10	50.10	1.1	50.10	1.10	50.10	1.10	50.10	1.10
L_m (cm)	94.74	0.92	94.74	0.92	94.74	0.92	94.74	0.92	94.74	0.92	94.74	0.92
b	5.83	0.09	5.83	0.09	5.83	0.09	5.83	0.09	5.83	0.09	5.83	0.09
r_m	11.13	0.14	10.73	0.20	12.67	0.16	12.67	0.16	12.67	0.16	12.67	0.16
a₁	0.12	0.00	0.12	0.00	0.12	0.00	0.12	0.00	0.12	0.00	0.12	0.00
w₀	0.64	0.06	0.64	0.06	0.64	0.06	0.64	0.06	0.64	0.06	0.64	0.06
I_m (cm)	16.20	0.71	14.89	0.56	15.17	0.38	16.04	0.67	14.87	0.55	16.31	0.96
r₁	5.09	0.26	4.35	0.45	5.97	0.14	5.98	0.25	5.41	0.20	5.43	0.32
K₁	0.67	0.30	0.71	0.30	0.81	0.12	0.54	0.18	0.90	0.28	0.44	0.21
D_m(mm)	24.73	0.54	27.01	0.55	24.62	0.72	27.10	0.55	21.73	0.49	25.30	0.52
r₂	13.64	0.27	13.64	0.27	13.64	0.27	13.64	0.27	13.64	0.27	13.64	0.27
K₂	0.25	0.01	0.21	0.01	0.24	0.01	0.25	0.01	0.24	0.01	0.26	0.01
a₂(^o)	37.85	4.98	37.85	4.98	37.85	4.98	37.85	4.98	37.85	4.98	37.85	4.98
b₂	-0.35	0.05	-0.35	0.05	-0.35	0.05	-0.35	0.05	-0.35	0.05	-0.35	0.05
c	18.50	1.17	19.50	1.19	25.31	0.96	20.84	1.18	21.21	1.18	19.71	1.13

参数 Parameter	传统行向 Control orientation				南北行向 NS orientation				东西行向 EW orientation
	单作 Sole		间作Intercropping		单作Sole		间作Intercropping		单作 Sole		间作Intercropping
	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE	平均值 Mean	标准误差 SE
slope (℃d)	52.40	1.40	52.40	1.40	52.40	1.40	52.40	1.40	52.40	1.40	52.40	1.40
L_m (cm)	13.64	0.10	13.64	0.10	13.64	0.10	13.64	0.10	13.64	0.10	13.64	0.10
b	9.43	0.32	9.12	0.42	10.15	0.42	11.04	0.43	10.15	0.42	11.04	0.43
r_m	14.73	0.21	12.94	0.29	15.41	0.29	14.30	0.28	15.41	0.29	14.30	0.28
a₁	0.73	0.04	0.68	0.02	0.73	0.04	0.68	0.02	0.73	0.04	0.68	0.02
w₀	0.57	0.47	0.95	0.16	0.57	0.47	0.95	0.16	0.57	0.47	0.95	0.16
L_i,m(cm)	35.08	0.43	35.08	0.43	35.08	0.43	35.08	0.43	35.08	0.43	35.08	0.43
b_p	7.66	0.23	7.66	0.23	7.66	0.23	7.66	0.23	7.66	0.23	7.66	0.23
r_i,m	14.80	0.27	14.04	0.36	15.47	0.34	15.47	0.34	14.95	0.33	14.95	0.33
I_I,m (cm)	6.58	0.39	10.69	0.81	6.77	0.47	10.15	0.62	6.77	0.47	10.15	0.62
b_I	9.17	1.00	6.05	1.10	8.62	1.14	5.85	1.04	8.62	1.14	5.85	1.04
r_I,m	15.04	0.75	13.77	0.83	16.99	0.93	15.26	0.80	16.99	0.93	15.26	0.80
D_m(mm)	11.30	2.80	9.19	2.81	15.50	2.77	9.81	2.82	10.54	2.80	12.47	3.05
r₂	18.48	4.92	15.86	4.94	15.91	4.90	17.70	4.95	20.76	4.93	15.00	5.22
K₂	0.20	0.03	0.20	0.04	0.08	0.02	0.18	0.04	0.17	0.03	0.12	0.03
a₂(^o)	134.62	18.87	134.62	18.87	134.62	18.87	134.62	18.87	134.62	18.87	134.62	18.87
b₂	-0.86	0.08	-0.86	0.08	-0.86	0.08	-0.86	0.08	-0.86	0.08	-0.86	0.08
c	29.98	0.43	27.91	0.93	29.98	0.43	29.98	0.43	29.98	0.43	29.98	0.43

行向 Orientation	系统 System	生物量 Biomass (t·hm^-2) ^a		生物量 LER Biomass LER			籽粒产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2) ^b		籽粒产量 LER Grain yield LER
行向 Orientation	系统 System	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	LER_m	LER_s	LER	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	LER_m	LER_s	LER
传统 Control	单作Sole	20.4±1.3	14.4±1.5				11.9±0.9	4.2±0.5
传统 Control	间作Intercrop	15.1±0.9	4.5±0.2	0.74±0.05	0.32±0.05	1.06±0.03	9.5±0.2	1.6±0.1	0.81±0.09	0.38±0.02	1.19±0.07
南北 NS	单作Sole	21.8±2.1	13.8±2.1				11.3±1.1	4.5±0.3
南北 NS	间作Intercrop	15.1±1.2	3.2±0.6	0.72±0.13	0.25±0.07	0.97±0.14	9.9±0.2	1.4±0.1	0.89±0.13	0.31±0.01	1.20±0.07
东西 EW	单作Sole	20.3±3.3	11.4±0.9				10.6±1.0	4.2±1.1
东西 EW	间作Intercrop	11.9±0.7	3.2±0.7	0.62±0.10	0.28±0.05	0.89±0.13	7.6±0.4	1.4±0.2	0.78±0.08	0.35±0.07	1.16±0.19
行向Orientation LSD (0.05)		5.8	6.9				2.9	2.2
系统System LSD (0.05)		3.0	2.1	0.35	0.19	0.32	1.8	0.6	0.31	0.14	0.38
行向 Orientation ANOVA		NS	NS				NS	NS
系统 System ANOVA		***	***	NS	NS	NS	**	***	NS	NS	NS
行向×系统Orientation×System		NS	NS				NS	NS