单株小麦生理生态控制的等距单粒线播法研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.02.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】拟探讨等距单粒线播技术用于定量种间距对小麦前、后生育期的影响,以此论证等距单粒线播的技术特征及优势。【方法】选用宁麦13为田间试验材料,采用免耕等距单粒线播法,分别于2017和2018年进行稻茬小麦的免耕种植试验,设置粒距1.5、3.0和4.5 cm 3个处理（T1.5、T3、T4.5）,行距20 cm。分别从群体、单株以及单茎穗3个尺度层次的指标对比,评价种间距在苗期和成熟期的生理生态效应。【结果】等距单粒线播法创建出稳定全生育期密度效应且该效应能够为群体、单株与器官3个尺度层次的表型所表达。较小种间距显著延长稻茬麦50%出苗率的天数。群体的成熟期籽粒总产量随种间距减小而增加,T1.5与T3处理无显著性差异,但T4.5处理显著降低。在群体生物量方面,T4.5处理的总茎秆重、总麦穗重显著低于T1.5和T3处理。而在单株尺度层面,单株穗数、结实粒数和单株产量随种间距增加而显著性增大,但单株千粒重无显著性差异,单株小麦的地上部生物量、麦穗重和茎秆重也随播种间距增加而增大,表现出明显的密度补偿效应。同时,随种间距减小,单株小麦各指标由正态分布变为L型分布。在小麦的单茎穗层面,单茎穗产量和穗千粒重均无显著性差异,仅穗粒数表现出年度间不稳定。而在器官生物量方面,地上部生物量、叶重、茎秆重和麦穗重不同处理下均无显著性差异。【结论】等距单粒线播小麦在群体、个体和器官3个不同尺度范畴的密度效应能够在小麦的苗期和成熟期得到充分表达,且不同尺度范畴内的产量因子及生物量等表型指标存在复杂的交互关系。因此,相较于传统机械化种植技术,等距单粒线播技术有利于解析群体小麦的生理生态效应。

关键词: 精确播种, 等距单粒线播, 密度效应, 产量效应, 出苗率

Abstract:

【Objective】The benefit of uniform distance single seed linear seeding method could be due to its tracing position and relative stable space assigned to each individual plant in the seeding stage. Thus, the precision seeding of wheat using an uniform distance single seed linear seeding (UDSSLS) was investigated and its density effect on wheat seedling and maturing stages were analyzed in this study. 【Method】Wheat species of Ningmai 13 was used for no-till post-paddy field experiment by using UDSSLS method in 2017 and 2018. Wheat seed was linear sowing in single seed and keeping seed-to-seed distance uniformly, in 1.5 (T1.5), 3.0 (T3) and 4.5 cm (T4.5), respectively. Row distance was 20 cm. Physiological and ecological monitoring and analyzing on the stand, individual plant and organic scales were made in both seedling and maturing stages. 【Result】 The stable density effect was created with the UDSSLS seeding method. And the density effect could be expressed in both the stand, the individual plant, and the organ level. A small seed distance significantly increased the 50% emergence days. Seed grain yield of the stand increased with reduced seed distance, while no significance was observed between T1.5 and T3, while which under T4.5 was significantly lower than that under other treatments. In the stand level, stem weight and ear weight under T1.5 and T3 were significantly lower than that under T4.5. In the individual plant level, however, plant ear number, ear-bearing grain number and grain yield increased significantly with increased seed distance. No difference was observed for 1000-grain weight. Above-ground biomass yield, ear biomass and stem weight were also increased with enlarged seed distance, which clearly explained a density compensation effect. In the individual level, the distribution of each indices were observed to shift from normal distribution to L shaped distribution. In the organic level, no significant difference was observed on ear grain yield and 1000-grain weight. Only ear grain number varied amid the 2 years. No significant difference was observed for above-ground biomass, leaf weight, stem weight and ear weight under different treatments. 【Conclusion】 The UDSSLS method created stable density effect on wheat, which could be observed in both seedling and maturing staged and quantified on the stand, individual plant and organic level. Complicated interactions existed among different phenomics and scales of observation. It thus might be concluded that UDSSLS could be potentially used for wheat physiology and ecology studies.

Key words: precision seeding, uniform distance single seed linear seeding, density effect, yield effect, emergence rate

李佩, 何瑞银, 汪小旵, 丁启朔. 单株小麦生理生态控制的等距单粒线播法研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(2): 295-306.

LI Pei, HE RuiYin, WANG XiaoChan, DING QiShuo. Uniform Distance Single Seed Linear Seeding Method for Control of Wheat Physiology and Ecology[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(2): 295-306.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶重 Leaf weight (kg• hm^-2)	茎秆重 Stem weight (kg• hm^-2)	穗重 Ear weight (kg• hm^-2)	地上部生物量 Aboveground biomass (kg• hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index
2016-2017	T1.5	2199.3a	2577.5a	7861.5a	12638.3a	0.412a
	T3	2159.9a	2666.2a	8013.3a	12839.4a	0.392a
	T4.5	1779.8a	2159.2b	6661.8b	10600.9a	0.382a
2017-2018	T1.5	2605.7a	3193.6a	9015.4a	14814.7a	0.362a
	T3	2661.5a	2944.3ab	8292.9ab	13898.9ab	0.377a
	T4.5	2070.2a	2703.2b	7630.7b	12404.1b	0.373a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数 Number of spikes (×10⁴•hm^-2)	总结实粒数 Total kernels (×10⁴•hm^-2)	千粒重 1000 grain weight (g)	总产量 Total yield (kg• hm^-2)
2016-2017	T1.5	500.0a	22566.7ab	26.5a	5972.9a
	T3	508.3a	24352.8a	23.8a	5787.4a
	T4.5	400.0b	19602.8b	23.9a	4652.5b
2017-2018	T1.5	468.5a	16274.1ab	37.7a	6136.9a
	T3	435.2a	16694.4a	36.1a	6016.4a
	T4.5	361.1b	14316.7b	37.2a	5301.4b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单株穗数 Spikes per plant	单株结实粒数 Kernels per plant	单株千粒重 1000 grain weight (g)	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)	出苗率 Seeding rate (%)
2016-2017	T1.5	2.470c	111.841c	26.690a	2.963c	60.5b
	T3	4.243b	202.967b	23.593a	4.834b	72.0a
	T4.5	4.987a	245.862a	23.807a	5.831a	71.9a
2017-2018	T1.5	2.348c	81.492c	37.713a	3.074c	60.0b
	T3	3.312b	127.061b	36.096a	4.588b	78.9a
	T4.5	4.283a	167.918a	37.173a	6.229a	76.7a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶重 Leaf weight (g)	茎秆重 Stem weight (g)	麦穗重 Ear weight (g)	地上部生物量 Aboveground biomass (g)	收获指数 Harvest index
2016-2017	T1.5	1.087b	1.278c	3.901c	6.266c	0.409a
	T3	1.796a	2.230b	6.665b	10.691b	0.391a
	T4.5	2.391a	2.701a	8.342a	13.434a	0.379a
2017-2018	T1.5	1.323b	1.600c	4.514c	7.437c	0.362a
	T3	2.012ab	2.251b	6.320b	10.582b	0.377a
	T4.5	2.424a	3.173a	8.949a	14.546a	0.373a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	千粒重 1000 grain weight (g)		结实粒数 Kernels per ear		产量 Yield per ear (g)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	均值 Average value	cv	均值 Average value	cv	均值 Average value	cv
2016-2017	T1.5	25.888a	0.228	45.489a	0.261	1.209a	0.387
	T3	23.188a	0.208	48.093a	0.278	1.145a	0.398
	T4.5	23.202a	0.213	49.284a	0.281	1.172a	0.384
2017-2018	T1.5	37.230a	0.158	34.749b	0.419	1.310a	0.459
	T3	36.096a	0.120	38.363a	0.296	1.384a	0.330
	T4.5	37.173a	0.169	39.225a	0.318	1.455a	0.391