中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (13): 2703-2714.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.13.018

• 生态产业示范及区域尺度分析 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于LCA的呼伦贝尔生态草牧业技术集成示范效益评估

刘欣超1,2,3,王路路1,4,吴汝群1,5,辛晓平1,孙海莲2,3,姜明红6,李晓爽7,王淼1,4,刘云4,邵长亮1()   

  1. 1中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,中国北京 100081
    2内蒙古农牧业科学院,中国呼和浩特 010031
    3中国科学院内蒙古草业研究 中心,中国呼和浩特 010031
    4北京农学院生物与资源环境学院,中国北京 102206
    5密歇根州立大学地理、环境和空间科学系/全球变化和地球观测中心,美国East Lansing MI 48824
    6呼伦贝尔学院初等教育学院,中国内蒙古呼伦贝尔 021008
    7内蒙古呼和浩特金谷农商银行股份有限公司,中国呼和浩特 010050
  • 收稿日期:2019-09-16 接受日期:2020-02-19 出版日期:2020-07-01 发布日期:2020-07-16
  • 通讯作者: 邵长亮
  • 作者简介:刘欣超,E-mail: liuxinchao3211@126.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(41771205);国家重点研发计划(2017YFE0104500);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0500600);内蒙古自然科学基金(2017BS0317);北京高等学校高水平人才交叉培养实培计划大学生毕业设计项目(2018科研类)(PXM2020_014207_000009)

LCA-Based Assessment of Hulunber Ecological Grassland Technology Integration Demonstration

LIU XinChao1,2,3,WANG LuLu1,4,WU RuQun1,5,XIN XiaoPing1,SUN HaiLian2,3,JIANG MingHong6,LI XiaoShuang7,WANG Miao1,4,LIU Yun4,SHAO ChangLiang1()   

  1. 1Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    2Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China;
    3Inner Mongolia Prataculture Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
    4School of Biology, Resources and Environment, Beijing Agricultural College, Beijing 102206, China
    5Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
    6College of Primary Education, Hulunber University, Hulunber 021008, Inner Mongolia, China
    7Inner Mongolia Hohhot Jingu Agricultural Commercial Bank Co., Ltd, Hohhot 010050, China
  • Received:2019-09-16 Accepted:2020-02-19 Online:2020-07-01 Published:2020-07-16
  • Contact: ChangLiang SHAO

摘要:

【目的】 对天然草场修复过程中的经济环境综合效益进行评估。【方法】 基于全生命周期分析(LCA)方法对内蒙古呼伦贝尔市谢尔塔拉牧场奶牛集约化养殖-牲畜粪便处理(包括菌剂发酵有机肥、蚯蚓养殖生成有机肥和蘑菇种植3种模式),利用谢尔塔拉农场奶牛集约化养殖、牲畜粪便处理利用、天然草场改良数据和当地畜牧生产经营物料投入数据相结合,建立不同养殖模式下牛奶生产的生命周期清单,从畜牧生产全生命周期的角度对牲畜饲养、粪便处理利用和草场修复这整个草原畜牧生产循环过程中每生产1 t标准牛奶(FPCM)的资源环境综合成本(温室气体排放、土地占用、耗水量和不可再生能源消耗)和总体经济效益进行定量分析。【结果】 牧户散养奶牛和集约化奶牛养殖场在出售牲畜和牛奶方面产生的毛收益分摊在每头成年母牛上分别为0.89和2.11万元,如扣除经营成本,两种乳牛饲养模式下每头成年母牛产生的净收益分别为0.42万元(牧户散养)和0.41万元(集约化养殖)。此外集约化养殖场每生产1 t FPCM造成的环境影响为:占用草场1.19 hm2、占用耕地0.15 hm2、耗水216.47 t、消耗化石燃料1 944.19 MJ、排放温室气体0.73 t二氧化碳当量(CO2eq)。当地散养牧户生产牛奶除去草场占用面积(3.25 hm2)外,造成的环境影响(占用耕地0.04 hm2、耗水70.70 t、消耗化石燃料892.80 MJ、排放温室气体0.55 t CO2eq)均小于集约化奶牛养殖场。开展天然打草场改良可显著增加每公顷草地牧草产出(增幅68.57%)和收益(增长10.71%),改良后生产1 t FPCM可降低40.50%的草场占用面积。但改良中施肥和燃料消耗的增加会造成温室气体排放(增加17.70倍)、燃料消耗(增加2.10倍)等环境问题。在牲畜粪便处理利用技术应用方面,集约化养殖场产生的牛粪通过发酵有机肥、蚯蚓处理牛粪和蘑菇种植等处理利用方式,在解决牲畜饲养中粪便污染问题的同时,创造的净收益相当于生产牛奶净收益的5%—12%,整体看带来的环境影响相对较少。【结论】 集约化养殖场在提高草原利用效率方面优势明显,在提升饲料能量转化效率、提升牛奶产量和质量方面具有很大的潜力,但是会增加苜蓿、燕麦等高蛋白饲草料的种植面积,在控制牛奶生产中的温室气体排放、水资源和能源消耗等方面会产生不利影响。此外,天然打草场改良和牲畜粪便处理利用技术在呼伦贝尔当地畜牧产业中具有较大的应用潜力。

关键词: 全生命周期分析, 集约化养殖, 季节性放牧, 环境影响

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study evaluated the comprehensive environmental effect of the process of intensive cow breeding-livestock manure utilization-natural grassland improvement. 【Method】 At first, the life cycle inventory of the milk produced under different dairy cattle cultivation modes was established. Then the comprehensive environment effects (greenhouse gas emissions, land occupation, water consumption and non-renewable energy consumption) and overall economic benefits in the whole life cycle of milk production were quantitatively analyzed by combining the experimental data of intensive cow breeding, manure utilization (including microbial fermentation organic fertilizer, earthworm breeding organic fertilizer, and mushroom breeding) and natural grassland improvement with the input data of local animal production and management. The function unit was 1 ton of standard milk (FPCM) in this analysis. 【Result】 The results showed that the mean gross income of local herdsmen’s grazing farms and intensive dairy farms was 8 900 yuan and 211 yuan per adult cow, respectively. If the operating cost was deducted, the net income of each adult cow in the two modes was 4 200 yuan (herdsmen’s grazing farm) and 4 100 yuan (intensive farm), respectively. The environmental impact caused by the production of 1 ton FPCM in intensive farm was 1.19 hm2 of grassland, 0.15 hm2 of arable land, 216.47 t of water, 1 944.19 MJ of fossil fuel and 0.73 t of CO2eq of greenhouse gas. In addition to the grassland area (3.25 hm2), the environmental impact of milk production by herdsmen’s grazing farms were less than that of intensive dairy farms (0.04 hm2 of cultivated land, 70.70 t of water, 892.80 MJ of fossil fuel and 0.55 t of CO2eq greenhouse gas). Natural clipped grassland improvement could significantly increase the hay yield per hectare grassland (increased for 68.57%) and income (increased for 10.71%), it could reduce the grassland area occupied by 40.50%, but the increase of fertilization and fuel consumption in the improvement would cause environmental problems (such as more greenhouse gas emissions 17.70 times) and more fuel consumption (2.10 times). In terms of the application of livestock manure treatment and utilization technology, the cattle manure produced by intensive farms was treated and utilized through microbial fermentation, earthworm treatment and mushroom cultivation, the net income generated was equivalent to about 5%-12% of the net income generated by milk production, and the overall environmental impact was relatively small. 【Conclusion】 Intensive farms had obvious advantages in improving grassland utilization efficiency, and had great potential in improving feed energy conversion efficiency, as well as milk yield and quality. However, intensive dairy farming would increase the planting area of alfalfa, oats and other high protein forages, and cause adverse environmental effects such as more greenhouse gas emissions, more water and energy consumption. In addition, the technology of natural grassland improvement and livestock manure treatment and utilization had great application potential in Hulunber animal husbandry.

Key words: life cycle assessment, intensive farming, seasonal grazing, environmental impact