中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (8): 1435-1448.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.08.013
马宁1,王超璠1,方东路2,丁梦婷1,姚嘉蕾1,杨文建1,胡秋辉1
收稿日期:
2018-10-18
接受日期:
2019-01-22
出版日期:
2019-04-16
发布日期:
2019-04-26
作者简介:
马宁,E-mail:基金资助:
MA Ning1,WANG ChaoFan1,FANG DongLu2,DING MengTing1,YAO JiaLei1,YANG WenJian1,HU QiuHui1
Received:
2018-10-18
Accepted:
2019-01-22
Online:
2019-04-16
Published:
2019-04-26
摘要:
【目的】模拟实际生产中金针菇采后贮藏过程,研究金针菇冷藏期间风味的变化规律,为金针菇的贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。【方法】以聚乙烯膜包装的金针菇为试验材料,在温度4℃、相对湿度90%条件下贮藏15 d,每隔3 d取样进行分析。金针菇的挥发性风味物质采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术(SPME-GC/MS)和电子鼻技术(E-NOSE)进行检测;非挥发性风味物质采用高效液相(HPLC)、全自动氨基酸分析仪和电子舌(E-TONGUE)进行检测。【结果】通过对金针菇风味成分变化动态监测可知,冷藏期间金针菇的主要挥发性成分是醛类和醇类,在贮藏6 d内醛类和醇类的含量均下降,在贮藏末期(15 d)呈上升的趋势。金针菇冷藏过程中甘露醇和果糖含量在贮藏初期(3 d)分别上升了8.6%、9.9%,在贮藏中期(9 d)、末期(15 d)呈下降的趋势。柠檬酸含量在贮藏过程中下降了67.9%。琥珀酸含量在贮藏初期(3 d)有所下降,贮藏中期(9 d)含量上升了17.94%,贮藏末期(15 d)含量下降了17.61%。5′-AMP、5′-IMP含量的变化趋势一致,在贮藏中期(9 d)含量有所上升,贮藏末期(15 d)含量均下降。鲜味氨基酸的含量在贮藏初期(3 d)呈下降的趋势,贮藏中期(9 d)变化不明显,贮藏末期(15 d)呈上升的趋势。【结论】随着贮藏时间的延长,根据风味成分的变化规律可以有效区分不同贮藏期的金针菇样品,实现对金针菇样品品质的快速检测,为金针菇品质的控制和风味的保持提供科学依据。
马宁,王超璠,方东路,丁梦婷,姚嘉蕾,杨文建,胡秋辉. 聚乙烯膜包装金针菇冷藏期间的风味变化规律[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(8): 1435-1448.
MA Ning,WANG ChaoFan,FANG DongLu,DING MengTing,YAO JiaLei,YANG WenJian,HU QiuHui. Flavor Variation of Flammulina velutipes in Polyethylene Film Packaging During the Cold Storage[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(8): 1435-1448.
表1
聚乙烯膜包装金针菇贮藏过程中挥发性成分的相对含量"
分子式 Molecular formula | 保留时间 Retention time | RI | RI* | 化合物 Compound | 相对含量 Relative content | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d | 3 d | 6 d | 9 d | 12 d | 15 d | |||||
醛类 Aldehydes (13) | 0.352 | 0.240 | 0.232 | 0.344 | 0.307 | 0.369 | ||||
C6H12O | 6.358 | 803 | 己醛 Hexanal | 0.019 | 0.107 | 0.075 | 0.124 | 0.163 | 0.160 | |
C7H12O | 11.438 | 953 | 956 | 反式-2-庚烯醛 2-Heptenal, (E)- | 0.091 | 0.027 | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.027 | 0.036 |
C7H6O | 11.600 | 962 | 961 | 苯甲醛 Benzaldehyde | 0.018 | 0.016 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.019 |
C8H16O | 13.003 | 1005 | 1004 | 辛醛 Octanal | 0.047 | - | 0.023 | 0.027 | 0.017 | 0.019 |
C7H10O | 13.249 | 1012 | 1011 | 反式-2,4-庚二烯醛 2,4-Heptadienal, (E,E)- | 0.039 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.015 |
C8H8O | 14.327 | 1041 | 1045 | 苯乙醛 Benzeneacetaldehyde | - | - | - | - | - | 0.023 |
C8H14O | 14.784 | 1063 | 1059 | 反式-2-辛烯醛 2-Octenal, (E)- | 0.057 | 0.018 | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.020 |
C9H18O | 16.271 | 1098 | 1105 | 壬醛 Nonanal | 0.019 | 0.052 | 0.060 | 0.119 | 0.059 | 0.064 |
C9H16O | 17.969 | 1168 | 1161 | 反式-2-壬烯醛 2-Nonenal, (E)- | 0.011 | - | - | - | - | - |
C9H10O | 18.087 | 1168 | 1165 | 3-乙基苯甲醛 Benzaldehyde, 3-ethyl- | 0.014 | - | - | - | - | - |
C10H20O | 19.357 | 1223 | 1207 | 癸醛 Decanal | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.012 | - | 0.008 |
C9H14O | 19.643 | 1224 | 1217 | 反,反-2,4-壬二烯醛2,4-Nonadienal, (E,E)- | 0.011 | - | - | - | - | - |
C10H16O | 22.557 | 1320 | 1313 | 反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛 2,4-Decadienal, (E,E)- | 0.014 | - | - | - | - | 0.005 |
酮类 Ketones (4) | 0.038 | 0.133 | 0.125 | 0.039 | 0.040 | 0.044 | ||||
C7H14O | 9.164 | 885 | 886 | 2-庚酮 2-Heptanone | 0.006 | 0.010 | - | - | - | - |
C8H16O | 12.393 | 988 | 985 | 3-辛酮 3-Octanone | 0.013 | 0.064 | 0.067 | - | - | - |
C11H22O | 21.823 | 1290 | 1293 | 2-十一烷酮 2-Undecanone | 0.005 | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.035 |
C13H22O | 26.012 | 1435 | 1444 | 5,9-十一碳二烯-2-酮,6,10-二甲基 5,9-Undecadien-2-one, 6,10-dimethyl-, (E)- | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.020 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.009 |
续 | ||||||||||
分子式 Molecular formula | 保留时间 Retention time | RI | RI* | 化合物 Compound | 相对含量 Relative content | |||||
0 d | 3 d | 6 d | 9 d | 12 d | 15 d | |||||
醇类 Alcohols (11) | 0.458 | 0.444 | 0.425 | 0.344 | 0.337 | 0.367 | ||||
C5H12O | 5.438 | 764 | l-正戊醇 1-Pentanol | 0.006 | 0.049 | 0.026 | 0.007 | 0.030 | 0.018 | |
C4H10O2 | 5.846 | 2,3-丁二醇 2,3-Butanediol | - | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 0.007 | ||
C6H14O | 8.514 | 870 | 866 | 正己醇 Hexanol | 0.023 | 0.226 | 0.183 | 0.085 | 0.164 | 0.195 |
C7H14O | 11.782 | 966 | 反式-2-庚烯-1-醇 2-Hepten-1-ol, (E)- | 0.027 | - | - | - | - | - | |
C7H16O | 11.871 | 969 | 969 | 正庚醇 1-Heptanol | - | 0.018 | 0.017 | - | 0.014 | 0.013 |
C8H16O | 12.210 | 992 | 979 | 1-辛烯-3-醇 1-Octen-3-ol | 0.028 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.021 | 0.025 |
C8H18O | 13.800 | 1029 | 1028 | 1,2-二乙基己醇 Hexanol, 1,2-ethyl- | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.008 | - | 0.005 |
C8H18O | 15.174 | 1070 | 1071 | 正辛醇 1-Octanol | 0.154 | 0.052 | 0.067 | 0.097 | 0.043 | 0.046 |
C9H18O | 17.753 | 1156 | 1154 | 顺-3-壬烯-1-醇 3-Nonen-1-ol, (Z)- | - | - | 0.011 | - | - | - |
C9H20O | 18.299 | 1173 | 1172 | l-正壬醇 1-Nonanol | 0.195 | 0.065 | 0.090 | 0.135 | 0.047 | 0.058 |
C10H22O | 21.233 | 1275 | 1273 | 正癸醇 1-Decanol | 0.013 | - | - | - | - | - |
酯类 Esters (6) | 0.039 | 0.044 | 0.029 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.022 | ||||
C7H12O2 | 9.897 | 989 | 989 | 顺式2-戊烯醇乙酸酯 (Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl acetate | 0.004 | - | - | - | - | - |
C7H14O2 | 9.981 | 912 | 912 | 乙酸戊酯 Acetic acid, pentyl ester | 0.035 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.009 | - | 0.009 |
C8H14O2 | 13.017 | 1004 | 丙酸2-戊烯-1-酯 Propanoic acid, 2-penten-1-yl ester (Z)- | - | 0.032 | - | - | - | - | |
C16H22O4 | 34.905 | 1868 | 1862 | 邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯 Phthalic acid, butyl isohexyl ester | - | 0.004 | 0.015 | - | 0.003 | 0.007 |
C16H22O4 | 36.067 | 1954 | 1955 | 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 Dibutyl phthalate | - | - | 0.007 | - | - | - |
C18H36O2 | 36.510 | 1997 | 1993 | 十六烷酸乙酯 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | - | - | - | 0.004 | - | 0.006 |
烃类 Hydrocarbons (5) | 0.024 | 0.057 | 0.039 | 0.032 | 0.039 | 0.023 | ||||
C10H16 | 13.854 | 1026 | 1031 | D-柠檬烯 D-Limonene | 0.011 | 0.026 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.024 | 0.004 |
C14H30 | 24.732 | 1400 | 1401 | 十四烷 Tetradecane | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.006 | - | 0.004 |
C16H34 | 30.579 | 1600 | 1601 | 十六烷 Hexadecane | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.011 |
C17H36 | 32.548 | 1700 | 1701 | 十七烷 Heptadecane | - | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.007 | - |
C18H38 | 34.103 | 1800 | 1801 | 十八烷 Octadecane | - | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.004 | - | 0.004 |
其他化合物 Other compounds (8) | 0.092 | 0.084 | 0.151 | 0.229 | 0.266 | 0.179 | ||||
C6H12O | 5.005 | 2-甲基,异丙基环氧乙烷 Oxirane,2-methyl, isopropyl | 0.004 | 0.027 | 0.006 | 0.032 | 0.050 | 0.034 | ||
C9H14O | 12.545 | 993 | 990 | 2-正戊基呋喃 Furan, 2-pentyl | 0.076 | - | 0.044 | 0.034 | 0.041 | 0.035 |
C10H14 | 13.702 | 1023 | 1025 | 1-甲基-4-异丙基苯 Benzene, 1-methyl-4-isopropyl | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.014 |
C8H10O | 16.478 | 1112 | 1112 | 苯乙醇 Phenylethyl alcohol | - | - | - | - | - | 0.012 |
C10H8 | 18.776 | 1178 | 1188 | 萘 Naphthalene | 0.006 | 0.036 | 0.043 | 0.039 | 0.034 | 0.036 |
C11H16O | 20.021 | 1229 | 1230 | 2-异丙基-4-甲基茴香醚 4-methy anisole, 2-isopropyl | - | - | - | - | 0.002 | 0.014 |
C10H14O | 21.725 | 1292 | 1290 | 百里酚 Thymol | - | - | - | - | - | 0.003 |
C14H22O | 27.872 | 1502 | 1507 | 2,4-二异丙基苯酚 2,4-diisopropyl phenol | - | 0.016 | 0.052 | 0.120 | 0.133 | 0.031 |
表2
聚乙烯膜包装金针菇贮藏过程中可溶性糖(醇)含量的变化"
贮藏时间 Storage time (d) | 果糖 Fructose | 甘露醇 Mannitol | 海藻糖 Trehalose | 总量 Total content |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 81.666±0.524b | 86.656±1.081b | 13.235±0.258d | 181.057±1.002c |
3 | 89.761±0.681a | 94.102±1.633a | 64.940±0.051b | 248.803±2.330a |
6 | 62.412±0.879c | 67.030±0.318c | 76.749±0.376a | 206.192±0.965b |
9 | 44.405±0.701d | 52.984±1.260d | 21.961±0.079c | 119.350±2.011d |
12 | 37.280±0.513e | 48.579±0.593e | 9.309±0.015e | 95.169±1.117e |
15 | 44.971±0.440d | 42.117±0.375f | 8.157±0.074f | 95.245±0.806e |
表3
聚乙烯膜包装金针菇贮藏过程中有机酸含量的变化"
贮藏时间 Storage time (d) | 富马酸 Fumaric acid | 琥珀酸 Succinic acid | 酒石酸 Tartaric acid | 苹果酸 Malic acid | 柠檬酸 Citric acid | 冰乙酸 Glacial acetic acid | 总量 Total content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1.148±0.191a | 21.074±0.102c | 3.280±0.182e | 3.778±0.057a | 29.151±0.236a | 0.078±0.002a | 58.508±0.180a |
3 | 0.870±0.018b | 18.981±0.217d | 4.880±0.134d | 2.291±0.104c | 22.945±0.808c | 0.058±0.001b | 50.025±0.767c |
6 | 0.883±0.015b | 22.358±0.787b | 5.114±0.093c | 2.963±0.102b | 22.369±0.626c | 0.056±0.001b | 53.743±0.022b |
9 | 0.912±0.010b | 24.853±0.136a | 5.970±0.010b | 2.027±0.067d | 24.161±0.591b | 0.022±0.000d | 57.946±0.612a |
12 | 0.712±0.076c | 16.363±0.168f | 6.593±0.081a | 1.592±0.043e | 18.087±0.559e | 0.020±0.001e | 43.366±0.594e |
15 | 0.819±0.042bc | 17.362±0.718e | 5.888±0.042b | 2.036±0.093d | 21.008±0.588d | 0.039±0.001c | 47.153±1.484d |
表4
聚乙烯膜包装金针菇贮藏过程中呈味核苷酸含量的变化"
贮藏时间 Storage time (d) | 5'-AMP | 5'-GMP | 5'-CMP | 5'-IMP | 5'-UMP | 总量 Total content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1.103±0.079c | 0.110±0.010c | 1.629±0.035d | 0.024±0.009de | 0.054±0.001b | 2.920±0.106c |
3 | 1.603±0.018b | 0.127±0.010bc | 2.445±0.134c | 0.015±0.001e | 0.072±0.002b | 4.262±0.141b |
6 | 1.663±0.017b | 0.160±0.007b | 3.611±0.188a | 0.043±0.008bc | 0.084±0.007b | 5.561±0.200a |
9 | 1.842±0.043a | 0.242±0.050a | 3.136±0.229b | 0.068±0.013a | 0.144±0.033a | 5.431±0.196a |
12 | 1.699±0.088b | 0.130±0.018bc | 0.649±0.161f | 0.058±0.016ab | 0.135±0.039a | 2.671±0.218c |
15 | 1.638±0.125b | 0.050±0.014d | 0.969±0.207e | 0.033±0.008cd | 0.070±0.009b | 2.761±0.271c |
表5
聚乙烯膜包装金针菇贮藏过程中游离氨基酸含量的变化"
类型 Type | 氨基酸 Amino acid | 氨基酸含量 Amino acid content (mg?g-1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d | 3 d | 6 d | 9 d | 12 d | 15 d | ||
呈鲜味氨基酸 Umami amino acid | 天冬氨酸 Asp | 2.474±0.023c | 2.724±0.061b | 2.665±0.013b | 2.182±0.013d | 0.732±0.088e | 3.333±0.218a |
谷氨酸 Glu | 10.055±0.029bc | 7.701±0.007e | 9.793±0.356c | 10.291±0.002b | 8.510±0.085d | 12.025±0.454a | |
小计 Subtotal | 12.529±0.050b | 10.425±0.062c | 12.457±0.356b | 12.473±0.013b | 9.242±0.157d | 15.358±0.289a | |
呈甜味氨基酸 Sweet amino acid | 丙氨酸 Ala | 1.941±0.012c | 1.607±0.007e | 2.035±0.012b | 1.775±0.012d | 1.381±0.045f | 2.373±0.050a |
甘氨酸 Gly | 1.274±0.001b | 1.047±0.001e | 1.169±0.001c | 1.137±0.010d | 0.888±0.029f | 1.447±0.011a | |
丝氨酸 Ser | 2.084±0.014ab | 1.087±0.015d | 1.936±0.373b | 1.798±0.034b | 1.375±0.025c | 2.29±0.119a | |
苏氨酸 Thr | 1.758±0.002c | 1.126±0.017e | 1.883±0.159b | 1.623±0.001d | 1.08±0.014e | 2.019±0.058a | |
小计 Subtotal | 7.057±0.015b | 4.867±0.009d | 7.023±0.520b | 6.333±0.054c | 4.725±0.085d | 8.129±0.213a | |
呈苦味氨基酸 Bitter amino acid | 精氨酸 Arg | 1.123±0.013b | 0.894±0.001c | 1.113±0.024b | 1.097±0.024b | 0.508±0.025d | 1.288±0.013a |
组氨酸 His | 1.178±0.007a | 1.049±0.058b | 1.041±0.037b | 1.168±0.066a | 0.000±0.000c | 1.238±0.014a | |
异亮氨酸 Ile | 1.070±0.007b | 0.929±0.001c | 1.005±0.001bc | 1.077±0.018b | 0.798±0.132d | 1.278±0.013a | |
亮氨酸 Leu | 1.904±0.001b | 1.634±0.032cd | 1.778±0.051bc | 1.829±0.018b | 1.541±0.229d | 2.089±0.032a | |
甲硫氨酸 Met | 1.544±0.008a | 1.069±0.183bc | 0.972±0.057c | 0.987±0.115c | 0.522±0.001d | 1.155±0.028b | |
苯丙氨酸 Phe | 7.270±0.066a | 6.734±0.077b | 6.542±0.023b | 6.720±0.274b | 7.215±0.578a | 7.664±0.023a | |
酪氨酸 Tyr | 2.915±0.021b | 2.893±0.051b | 2.794±0.024bc | 2.744±0.050c | 1.434±0.146d | 3.512±0.039a | |
缬氨酸 Val | 2.214±0.003b | 2.023±0.044c | 2.142±0.090b | 2.184±0.056b | 1.873±0.050d | 2.622±0.044a | |
小计 Subtotal | 19.218±0.035b | 17.224±0.282d | 17.386±0.111d | 17.805±0.332c | 13.891±0.125e | 20.847±0.03a | |
无味氨基酸 Odorless amino acid | 半胱氨酸 Cys | 0.503±0.005ab | 0.503±0.051ab | 0.484±0.044b | 0.555±0.008a | 0.474±0.046b | 0.475±0.051b |
赖氨酸 Lys | 3.733±0.005b | 3.452±0.021c | 3.490±0.020c | 3.537±0.025c | 3.166±0.138d | 4.000±0.021a | |
脯氨酸 Pro | 22.540±0.466cd | 22.398±0.961cd | 23.199±0.336bc | 24.140±0.104b | 21.824±0.694d | 27.277±1.164a | |
小计 Subtotal | 26.777±0.473cd | 26.354±0.984cd | 27.172±0.367bc | 28.231±0.117b | 25.465±0.822d | 31.752±1.120a | |
总计 Total | 65.581±0.515b | 58.870±0.751c | 64.038±0.754b | 64.842±0.424b | 53.323±1.120d | 76.087±1.572a |
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