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Overexpression of GmBIN2, a soybean glycogen synthase kinase 3 gene, enhances tolerance to salt and drought in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots
WANG Ling-shuang, CHEN Qing-shan, XIN Da-wei, QI Zhao-ming, ZHANG Chao, LI Si-nan, JIN Yang-mei, LI Mo, MEI Hong-yao, SU An-yu, WU Xiao-xia
2018, 17 (09): 1959-1971.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61863-X
Abstract530)      PDF in ScienceDirect      
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a kind of serine/threonine kinase widely found in eukaryotes.  Many plant GSK3 kinases play important roles in regulating stress responses.  This study investigated BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 (GmBIN2) gene, a member of the GSK3 protein kinase family in soybean and an orthologue of Arabidopsis BIN2/AtSK21GmBIN2 expression was increased by salt and drought stresses, but was not significantly affected by the ABA treatment.  To examine the function of GmBIN2, transgenic Arabidopsis and transgenic soybean hairy roots were generated.  Overexpression of GmBIN2 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased germination rate and root length compared with wild-type plants under salt and mannitol treatments.  Overexpression of GmBIN2 increased cellular Ca2+ content and reduced Na+ content, enhancing salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.  In the soybean hairy root assay, overexpression of GmBIN2 in transgenic roots also showed significantly higher relative root growth rate than the control when subjected to salt and mannitol treatments.  Measurement of physiological indicators, including proline content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and relative electrical conductivity, supported this conclusion.  Furthermore, we also found that GmBIN2 could up-regulate the expression of some stress-related genes in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots.  Overall, these results indicated that GmBIN2 improved tolerance to salt and drought in transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots.
 
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Prediction of kiwifruit firmness using fruit mineral nutrient concentration by artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regressions (MLR)
Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, Abbas Ahmadi, Niloofar Layegh Nikravesh
2017, 16 (07): 1634-1644.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61546-0
Abstract719)      PDF in ScienceDirect      
    Many properties of fruit are influenced by plant nutrition. Fruit firmness is one of the most important fruit characteristics and determines post-harvest life of the fruit. In recent decades, artificial intelligence systems were employed for developing predictive models to estimate and predict many agriculture processes. In the present study, the predictive capabilities of multiple linear regressions (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) are evaluated to estimate fruit firmness in six months, including each of nutrients concentrations (nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)) alone (P1), combination of nutrients concentrations (P2), nutrient concentration ratios alone (P3), and combination of nutrient concentrations and nutrient concentration ratios (P4). The results showed that MLR model estimated fruit firmness more accuracy than ANN model in three datasets (P1, P2 and P4). However, the application of P3 (N/Ca ratio) as the input dataset in ANN model improved the prediction of fruit firmness than the MLR model. Correlation coefficient and root mean squared error (RMSE) were 0.850 and 0.539 between the measured and the estimated data by the ANN model, respectively. Generally, the ANN model showed greater potential in determining the relationship between 6-mon-fruit firmness and nutrients concentration.
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