As access to irrigation water becomes increasingly limited, introgression of relevant genomic regions from drought-tolerant wild genotypes is a promising breeding strategy for crop plants.  In this study, nine eggplant (Solanum melongena) introgression lines (ILs) covering altogether 71.6% of the genome of the donor wild relative parent S. incanum were evaluated for drought tolerance under water stress conditions.  Plants at the five true leaves stage were irrigated at either 100% (control) or 30% (water stress) field capacity for 14 days, and growth and biochemical traits were measured.  Reduced irrigation resulted in decreased growth and increased stress markers such as proline and malondialdehyde.  Most ILs had lower growth and biomass production than the cultivated parent under both conditions.  However, the wild alleles for two genomic regions related to stem and root dry weight conferred improved tolerance to water stress.  In addition, several S. incanum alleles had a positive effect on important traits that may improve yield under drought conditions, such as leaf water content water use efficiency, and chlorophyll content.  Fine-mapping the genomic regions for tolerance and reducing linkage drag with regions affecting growth will be crucial for significantly improving eggplant drought tolerance through introgression breeding.

本研究以一对棉花近等基因系中棉所12有腺体和中棉所12无腺体为材料，通过转录组测序确定与棉酚生物合成相关的潜在基因和代谢途径。我们发现了超过2.35亿个clean reads和1184个差异表达基因（differentially expressed genes，DEGs）。随后，我们进行了加权基因共表达网络分析，发现含有GhTPS（GH_D09G0090）和GhCYP（GH_D05G2016）枢纽基因的白色和黄色模块与棉酚含量有很强的相关性。使用RT-qPCR、病毒诱导的基因沉默（virus-induced gene silencing，VIGS）和靶代谢产物分析证明了GhTPS和GhCYP基因的重要性。与野生型相比，这些基因的沉默导致感染两周后叶片和茎上的腺体减少。此外，通过靶向代谢物分析共鉴定出152种代谢物。差异代谢产物筛选显示，与对照组相比，TRV:GhTPS和TRV:GhCYP植株中分别有12种和18种显著不同的代谢产物；与对照组比较，代谢产物的积累减少。靶代谢产物分析表明，棉酚生物合成的最终产物半棉酚的含量也降低了，这表明这些基因在棉酚生物合成途径中发挥了作用。此外，记录到有腺体和无腺体品系之间棉酚含量存在显著差异。本研究的结果揭示了棉酚含量与GhTPS和GhCYP枢纽基因之间的密切联系，表明它们在棉酚生物合成途径中的作用是减少半棉酚的积累，这可能为棉花棉酚生物合成通路的调控检查点提供新的理解。

苹果再植病（ARD）主要由生物因素引起，严重制约了苹果产业的发展。采用生物防治措施缓解 ARD 对苹果产业的可持续发展至关重要。以平邑甜茶幼苗和嫁接苗（Fuji New2001/M9T337）为试验材料，在盆栽和大田条件下研究了生氨基酸粉和哈茨木霉菌肥对植株生物量、叶片指标、根系指标、土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性和土壤真菌群落的影响。我们发现，施用两种物质显著促进了植物生长，提高了叶片光合作用、叶绿素含量、根系呼吸速率、根系抗氧化酶活性和土壤酶活性，显著降低了土壤中镰刀菌数量，显著提高了有益菌的丰度。综上所述，生氨基酸粉与哈茨木霉菌肥混施是防治ARD的有效方法。

氟苯尼考(Florfenicol, FLO)是一种化学合成的动物用酰胺醇类广谱抗菌药物，是畜牧业和水产养殖业应用最广泛的抗菌药物之一。随着FLO的广泛应用，其造血毒性、免疫毒性、遗传毒性、胚胎毒性越来越受到关注。为进一步明确FLO对雏鸡的毒副作用，本研究通过FLO雏鸡饮水的途径进行药物应用实验，系统地研究FLO对雏鸡免疫功能的影响，并初步探讨其影响机制，旨在为FLO的安全再评价及科学合理使用提供理论依据。SPF雏鸡3日龄起在饮水中以100 mg L^-1的剂量添加FLO，连续饮用6天，对雏鸡生长性能进行监测，通过病理学检查及TUNEL凋亡染色检测应用FLO对免疫器官的影响，并通过血凝抑制试验检测血清中NDV抗体水平、ELISA方法检测血清中细胞因子（IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-γ）含量以及实时荧光定量PCR检测免疫器官中干扰素相关基因（IRF-7、2’-5’OAS、Mx1）和细胞因子基因（IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-γ）的转录情况对机体免疫水平进行评价。结果显示育雏早期应用FLO可抑制雏鸡的生长发育，用药组的体重及免疫器官指数均低于对照组；病理组织学检查发现停药早期FLO处理组法氏囊中淋巴细胞的数量较少，TUNEL凋亡检测结果显示FLO处理组的法氏囊发生明显的淋巴细胞凋亡。FLO处理组免疫器官中干扰素相关基因IRF-7、2’-5’OAS及细胞因子基因IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-γ的转录水平与对照组相比均有一定程度的降低，Mx1基因转录水平在所有时间点均差异不显著；FLO处理组血清中NDV抗体水平及细胞因子IL-1、IL-2、IFN-γ的含量在停药早期显著低于对照组，但在后期能逐渐恢复。本研究表明，FLO对雏鸡的免疫功能有一定程度的影响，研究结果为进一步研究FLO诱导的免疫毒性机制奠定了基础。 

交叉喙是多基因控制的复杂性状，目前已在全球至少12个鸡种中公开报道，发生率介于0.2%~7.4%。交叉喙严重影响个体采食和饮水，降低生产性能，损害动物福利。为探究交叉喙性状分子调控机制，本研究首先分析交叉喙鸡下颌骨形态特征，再通过RNA-seq技术筛选交叉喙鸡与正常鸡双侧下颌骨髁部的差异表达基因，结合功能富集分析鉴定关键候选基因。在此基础上，结合组织表达谱和细胞水平试验，验证关键候选基因导致鸡交叉喙的分子机制。结果表明，交叉喙由左右侧下颌骨长度不等导致，即某一侧下颌骨支短于对侧正常骨支，下喙偏向于下颌骨短支侧。由于下颌骨髁部是下颌骨支的生发中心，通过对交叉喙鸡短骨支侧髁部和正常骨支髁部进行转录组分析，共筛选110个差异表达基因，并显著富集于碳酸酐酶活性条目，差异表达基因为碳酸酐酶2（CA2）和碳酸酐酶13（CA13）。结合组织表达谱分析，发现CA2和CA13高表达于鸡下颌骨髁部(P<0.05)。通过比较成骨细胞增殖期与矿化期的CA2和CA13表达特征，发现两者在矿化期成骨细胞中显著上调。对下喙左偏和下喙右偏的交叉喙个体进行验证，发现短骨支侧髁部的CA2和CA13表达水平低于对侧正常骨支髁部(P<0.05)。为解析CA2和CA13基因功能，本试验在鸡成骨细胞培养体系中添加碳酸酐酶抑制剂，发现碳酸酐酶活性与成骨细胞矿化存在相关；进一步向成骨细胞中转染CA13干扰慢病毒，发现CA13被干扰后引起鸡成骨细胞矿化能力下降。研究结果揭示了CA2和CA13可能是北京油鸡交叉喙性状的潜在调控因子，但在其他品种中仍需进一步验证。此外，考虑到碳酸酐酶编码基因在人类中同样高表达，本研究也可能为人类下颌骨畸形引起的错颌和颅面不对称病因等提供参考。

创新点：本研究基于个体对称部位为研究对象的试验设计，结合转录组分析，揭示了CA2和CA13的不对称表达是鸡交叉喙性状形成的原因，研究结果将为地方鸡种复杂性状的研究提供新思路。

果实硬度是鲜食葡萄最重要的品质性状之一，但果实采后软化分子机制尚不完全清楚。为进一步解析采后软化调控机制，我们对采后‘巨峰’葡萄进行叶酸（Folic Acid，FA）处理（以水处理为对照，CK），通过比较各处理组间果实的转录组数据，筛选出差异表达基因（Differentially Expressed Genes，DEGs），并鉴定采后软化相关可变剪接（Alternative splicing，AS）事件及相关差异表达基因。共鉴定出2559个差异表达基因，根据表达模式将其分为四个亚簇，其中亚簇4中的差异表达基因在CK组中高表达。FA和CK处理组果实中特异性AS相关基因数分别为1045个和1042个。GO注释结果表明，CK处理组果实中的AS相关基因主要富集在细胞壁代谢过程中，尤其是细胞壁降解过程。通过比较AS相关基因与亚簇4的差异表达基因，筛选出了8个发生AS事件的差异表达基因，其中包括一个编码细胞壁降解酶的基因（果胶酯酶2、VvPE2、Vitvi15g00704），分析结果显示该基因可能发生了A3SS事件。RT-PCR进一步证实在FA处理组的葡萄果实中存在较高比例的VvPE2的截短转录本变体。本研究运用转录组测序技术分析葡萄采后果实的AS事件，并结合实验验证进一步明确细胞壁降解酶基因的AS事件在葡萄采后果实软化调控中发挥了重要作用。

A wide survey was conducted to study plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) associated with Prunus groves in Spain.  This research aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of PPNs in Prunus groves, as well as the influence of explanatory variables describing soil, climate and agricultural management in structuring the variation of PPNs community composition.  A total of 218 sampling sites were surveyed and 84 PPN species belonging to 32 genera were identified based of an integrative taxonomic approach.  PPN species considered as potential limiting factors in Prunus production, such as Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica, Pratylenchus penetrans and P. vulnus, were identified in this survey.  Seven soil physico-chemical (C, Mg, N, Na, OM, P, pH and clay, loamy sand and sandy loam texture classes), four climate (Bio04, Bio05, Bio13 and Bio14) and four agricultural management variables (grove-use history less than 10 years, irrigation, apricot seedling rootstock, and Montclar rootstock) were identified as the most influential variables driving spatial patterns of PPNs communities.  In particular, younger plantations showed higher values for species richness and diversity indices than groves cultivated for more than 20 years with Prunus spp.  Our study increases the knowledge of the distribution and prevalence of PPNs associated with Prunus rhizosphere, as well as on the influence of explanatory variables driving the spatial structure PPNs communities, which has important implications for the successful design of sustainable management strategies in the future in this agricultural system.

尽管越来越多的人认识到女性在家庭中的作用，并且在撒哈拉以南非洲开展了相应的赋权计划，但鲜有研究深入探讨女性赋权家庭与食物消费之间的关系。本文使用坦桑尼亚最近 (2017/18) 的全国家庭调查数据，考察了女性赋权对家庭食物消费的影响。 我们首先使用描述性统计和倾向得分匹配法比较了女性户主家庭和男性户主家庭在八种食物类别中的差异。 此外，我们采用两阶段LES-AIDS模型来估计两类家庭的收入和价格弹性。 结果显示，女性户主家庭比男性户主家庭消费更多的面包和谷物、鱼、油和脂肪、蔬菜和糖、果酱、蜂蜜、巧克力和糖果。 此外，与男性户主家庭相比，女性户主家庭对所有食品类别的需求收入弹性明显更高，在肉类、鱼类、油脂和糖、果酱、蜂蜜、巧克力和糖果方面的价格弹性也高于男性户主家庭。

非洲猪瘟（African Swine Fever，ASF）给我国养猪业造成巨大的经济损失。由于没有安全有效的疫苗，所以快速准确的诊断对ASF有效防控至关重要。间接免疫荧光法（Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay，IFA）是世界动物卫生组织（World Organization for Animal Health，WOAH）推荐的一种ASF血清学检测的金标准方法。

在本研究中，我们制备了野猪肾细胞（BK2258），该细胞能够支持非洲猪瘟病毒（African Swine Fever Virus，ASFV）SD/DY-I/21株高效复制，并表现出明显的细胞病变效应。利用BK2258建立了一种用于ASFV抗体检测的IFA方法。我们使用接种低毒力基因I型SD/DY-I/21株、基因II型HLJ/HRB1/20株和候选疫苗HLJ/18-7GD株免疫猪只的血清样品，同时也使用现地血清样品和阴性血清样品对该方法的特性进行了评估。利用IFA检测ASFV阳性血清，显示出明亮且特异的绿色荧光灶，没有因细胞衰老或其他细胞损伤因素引起的非特异性绿色荧光。与商业化的间接酶联免疫吸附方法（indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay，iELISA）相比，检测病毒不同感染时间的血清发现，IFA可提前1-4天检测到ASFV抗体。IFA和iELISA对同一份ASFV抗体阳性血清样本的检出限分别为1:25600和1:6400，表明IFA比iELISA更敏感。新建立的IFA检测方法具有高度特异性，与其他6种重要猪病原体，包括经典猪瘟病毒（Classical Swine Fever Virus，CSFV）、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus，PRRSV）、猪圆环病毒2型（Porcme Circovirus Type 2，PCV2）、伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies Virus，PRV）、口蹄疫病毒O型（Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O，FMDV/O）和猪流行性腹泻病毒（Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus，PEDV）的阳性血清无交叉反应。该研究提供了一种灵敏、特异且可靠的ASF血清学检测的金标准方法。

寄生性天敌是生态群落中的关键调节因子，已被广泛应用于害虫生物防治中。草地贪夜蛾，俗称秋粘虫，近年来入侵我国，对农业生产造成巨大的经济损失。中华甲虫蒲螨是近年来新发现的一种外寄生螨，在防控多种重大农业害虫中具有很大潜力。因此，本论文研究中华甲虫蒲螨对寄主草地贪夜蛾的寄生潜能，评价中华甲虫蒲螨亚致死密度对草地贪夜蛾亲代和子代适合度，及其对寄主细胞免疫和体液免疫的影响。结果表明，40头中华甲虫蒲螨能致死5龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫。因多数草地贪夜蛾幼虫能存活至成虫期并交配产出后代，5头和10头中华甲虫蒲螨寄生被认为能对寄主造成亚致死效应。中华甲虫蒲螨亚致死密度寄生能降低草地贪夜蛾蛹重、羽化率和产卵量，并延长其发育历期和寿命。10头和40头中华甲虫蒲螨寄生能破坏草地贪夜蛾的细胞免疫和体液免疫。本研究首次证实寄生螨寄生能对寄主免疫反应产生负面影响。此外，该研究还揭示了寄生螨的生防潜能及其与寄主的相互作用关系。

A headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) method was used to study the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with the differential immune response of tomato plants infected with the recombinant strain of potato virus Y (PVY^C-to), necrogenic to tomato.  Analysis was carried out in UC82 (UC), a virus susceptible tomato variety, comparing the same UC plants grafted or not onto a virus tolerant tomato ecotype, Manduria (Ma); the three types of samples used for the GC-MS analysis were mock-inoculated UC/Ma plants, UC/Ma+PVY^C-to and UC+PVY^C-to plants; the VOCs obtained were 111.  Results from symptomatic PVY^C-to-infected UC plants showed a VOCs composition enriched in alcohols, fatty acid derivates, benzenoids, and salicylic acid derivatives, while in mock-inoculated UC/Ma plants VOCs were mainly characterized by methyl ester compounds.  The VOC profile was in line with RNAseq data analyses, denoting that PVY^C-to viral RNA accumulation and disease symptoms induce the specific transcriptional activation of genes involved in VOCs biosynthesis.  Furthermore, principal component analysis highlighted that VOCs of PVY^C-to-infected and mock-inoculated grafted plants were much closer each other than that of symptomatic PVY^C-to-infected non-grafted UC plants.  These results suggest that VOCs profiles of tomato plants are related to the viral RNA accumulation, disease intensity and graft-derived tolerance to PVY^C-to infection.

In the U.S., Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) is a major pest targeted by both transgenic maize and cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. Resistance of insect to Bt maize and cotton containing cry1A and cry2A genes has widely occurred in the U.S. In this study, two trials were performed to investigate larval survival and development of a Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 dual-protein resistant (VT2P-RR), a susceptible, and an F1 heterozygous (VT2P-RS) populations of H. zea on ears of nine Bt and three non-Bt maize hybrids. The Bt maize hybrids evaluated represent five common pyramided traits expressing two or three of the Cry1A.105, Cry1Ab, Cry1F, Cry2Ab2, and Vip3Aa20 proteins. In the laboratory, neonates of the three H. zea populations were inoculated on silks of ears collected from maize at R1-R2 plant stages; and larval survivorship was checked 10 d after neonate release. All three insect populations survived normally on non-Bt maize ears. Varied numbers of VT2P-RR and VT2P-RS survived on ears of Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 maize, while all larvae of the three populations died or could not develop on ears of Vip3Aa20-expressing maize. The results demonstrated that the dual-protein resistant H. zea was not cross-resistant to Vip3Aa20-expressing maize, and thus traits with vip3Aa20 gene should be effective to manage Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2-resistant H. zea. The resistance in VT2P-RR was determined to be incomplete on Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 maize. The effective dominance levels varied greatly, from recessive to incompletely dominant, depending on maize hybrids and trials, suggesting that proper selection of maize hybrids could be important for mitigating the Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 resistance. The data generated should aid in modeling multiple-protein Bt resistance in H. zea.   

Cattle are central to the lives and diverse cultures of African people. It has played a crucial role in providing valuable protein for billions of households and sources of income and employment for producers and other actors in the livestock value chains. The long-term natural selection of African cattle typically signals signatures in the genome, contributes to high genetic differentiations across breeds. This has enabled them to develop unique adaptive traits to cope with inadequate feed supply, high temperatures, high internal and external parasites, and diseases. However, these unique cattle genetic resources are threatened by indiscriminate cross-breeding, breed replacements with exotic cosmopolitan breeds, and climate change pressures. Although there are no functional genomics studies, recent advancements in genotyping and sequencing technologies have identified and annotated limited functional genes and causal variants associated with unique adaptive and economical traits of African cattle populations. These genome-wide variants serve as candidates for breed improvement and support conservation efforts for endangered cattle breeds against future climate changes. Therefore, this review plans to collate comprehensive information on the identified selection footprints to support genomic studies in African cattle to confirm the validity of the results and provide a framework for further genetic association and QTL fine mapping studies.

高分子量谷蛋白（HMW-GS）是决定小麦加工品质的关键种子储藏蛋白类型。Dx5+Dy10是公认的优质HMW-GS组合，但Dy10亚基对加工品质的作用尚不清楚。本研究利用一份Dy10缺失突变体（含Dy10-null等位变异）和体外添加Dy10蛋白的方法研究了Dy10亚基的加工品质效应。Dy10-null等位变异可正常转录，但不表达蛋白。构建近等基因系，发现Dy10-null等位变异显著降低面筋指数、Zeleny沉降值、形成时间和稳定时间，弱化面团强度；降低HMW-GS含量，提高醇溶蛋白含量，降低谷醇比，提升饼干品质。体外添加纯化的Dy10蛋白，发现Dy10对饼干品质有负作用。综上，Dy10亚基与小麦面团强度密切相关，Dy10-null等位变异对弱筋小麦育种具有价值。

非洲猪瘟（African swine fever，ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus, ASFV）引起的家猪和野猪的一种急性、烈性、高度接触性传染病，发病率和致死率可高达100%，是全球危害猪群最严重的传染病之一，严重威胁

着全球养猪业、食品安全和经济发展。

自2018年8月中国首次爆发ASF疫情至2021年，高毒力基因II型、低毒力基因II型和基因I型三种不同类型的ASFV陆续被报道。这使得ASFV感染的鉴别诊断更具挑战性。截止目前，仍无有效的预防疫苗和特效的治疗药物，因此，能够明确区分基因I型和II型ASFV的鉴别诊断方法对于ASF的有效预防和控制至关重要。在此，我们基于基因I型和II型ASFV编码P72蛋白B646L基因C端的两个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点，利用突变阻滞扩增系统（ARMS）和定量实时PCR（qPCR）技术开发了一种双重ARMS-qPCR方法。进一步研究显示，该方法标准曲线的R²值在0.992 - 0.999，线性关系良好；与PRRSV、CSFV、PRV、PCV2、PEDV、TGEV 和 PoRV 七种病原无交叉反应，具有较高的特异性；能够稳定的检测含有10个拷贝数的基因I型和II型ASFV B646L基因的标准品质粒，敏感性较好；组间和组内变异系数均小于2.2%，重复性良好。此外，我们用18个基因I型和18个基因II型ASFV感染样本，包括血液、口腔和直肠拭子、组织和细胞培养物对其进一步的验证，并与动物世界卫生组织（WOAH）推荐的qPCR方法进行比对。结果显示，ARMS-qPCR方法成功鉴别诊断出36个基因I型和II型ASFV感染样本，且与WOAH推荐的qPCR方法检测的结果一致。因此，我们建立的ARMS-qPCR方法可用于检测和区分基因I型和基因II型

Rabies is a serious public health issue in Kazakhstan, with high economic impact and social burden.  As part of a routine surveillance, 31 rabies-positive brain specimens taken from livestock (cattle) and carnivores (dogs, foxes, and cats) during 2013–2021 were subject to viral sequencing.  Phylogenetic and Bayesian analysis were performed using obtained rabies virus (RABV) sequences.  All 31 strains of RABV candidate belonged to the Cosmopolitan clade, of which 30 strains belonged to steppe-type subclade, and 1 dog strain belonged to Other subclade.  The 31 strains did not diverge from RABV strains in Kazakhstan and neighboring countries, including Russia, Mongolia, and China, suggesting that animal rabies has close relationship and transmission between borders.  Fox-originated strains and cattle strains shared similar sequence signature, and some animal rabies cases had space–time intersection, showing that infected foxes were a major transmission source of cattle rabies in different Kazakhstan regions.  Besides, free-roaming dogs played a pivotal role in rabies epizootics of cattle in Kazakhstan.  The recent spread of animal rabies presents an increasing threat to public health, and provides updated information for improving current control and prevention strategies at the source for Kazakhstan and neighboring countries.

反转录转座子是一种可以在基因组上移动的DNA片段，是引起遗传变异的重要来源，而基于其插入多态性可以用于开发分子标记。锌指蛋白(ZNFs)是真核生物中含量最丰富的蛋白质之一，其功能极其多样。本研究通过生物信息学方法，在6个锌指蛋白基因(ZNF2、ZNF3、ZNF7、ZNF8、ZNF10和ZNF12)中进行了反转录转座子插入多态性标记的预测，进而通过PCR实验进行验证，然后进一步研究ZNF2基因第1个内含子区的SINE转座子插入对基因活性的影响，借助双荧光素酶系统在3种细胞系（HeLa、PEF和PK15）中进行了检测分析，同时在大白猪群体中对这一位点开展了基因分型并分析了其对猪相关生产性能的影响。实验结果表明，上述ZNFs基因中存在6个反转录转座子多态性位点，它们分别是：ZNF2基因第1内含子中的SINE介导的1个多态位点和第3内含子中L1介导的1个多态位点;ZNF3基因5’侧翼区中SINE介导的1个多态位点和第2内含子中SINE介导的1个多态位点;ZNF7基因3’非翻译区中SINE介导的1个多态位点以及ZNF12基因第2内含子中L1介导的1个多态位点。在HeLa和PEF细胞中，ZNF2基因第1内含子区中的SINE插入极显著(P<0.01)的抑制了其核心启动子的活性，进而推测该位点的SINE可能是ZNF2基因的一种抑制因子，该SINE插入多态标记也显著(P<0.05)影响了大白猪的校正背膘厚，表现为该位点存在SINE插入的个体的校正背膘厚显著(P<0.05)高于无SINE插入的个体。综上所述，我们的数据表明，反转录转座子插入多态在这些锌指蛋白基因的遗传变异中扮演着重要的角色，ZNF2基因第1内含子区中的SINE插入多态标记有望成为在猪育种中进行脂肪沉积筛选的新型分子标记。

The western flower thrips (WFT; Frankliniella occidentalis) is a mesophyll cell feeder that damages many crops.  Management of WFT is complex due to factors such as high fecundity, short reproduction time, ability to feed on a broad range of host plants, and broad pesticide resistance.  These challenges have driven research into developing alternative pest control approaches for WFT.  This study analyzed the feasibility of a biological control-based strategy to manage WFT using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of WTF endogenous genes.  For the delivery of RNAi, we developed transgenic tomato lines expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of coatomer protein subunit epsilon (CopE) and Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) from WFT.  These genes are involved in critical biological processes of WFT, and their dsRNA can be lethal to these insects when ingested orally.  Adult WFT that fed on the transgenic dsRNA-expressing tomato flower stalk showed increased mortality compared with insects that fed on wild-type samples.  In addition, WFT that fed on TLR6 and CopE transgenic tomato RNAi lines showed reduced levels of endogenous CopE and TLR6 transcripts, suggesting that their mortality was likely due to RNAi-mediated silencing of these genes.  Thus, our findings demonstrate that transgenic tomato plants expressing dsRNA of TLR6 and CopE can be lethal to F. occidentalis, suggesting that these genes may be deployed to control insecticide-resistant WFT.

利用渤海湾和黄土高原地区545名苹果种植户的微观数据，运用Double-hurdle模型，本文实证分析影响农户精准农药技术的采纳意愿和支付意愿的因素。结果表明，78.72%的农户表示，愿意采纳由合作社、专业企业等服务机构提供精准农药技术服务；69.72%的农户表示愿意购买精准农药技术设备。同时，农户感知、农场规模、是否加入合作社、数字信息获取和金融服务可获得性对农户精准农药技术的采纳意愿具有显著的正向影响。而合作成员、技术培训和环境法规则显影响农户精确农药技术的支付意愿，年龄、农业经验与农户精准农药技术服务的采纳意愿和支付意愿之间存在非线性关系。

本研究依托于29年的黑土长期定位试验，供试作物为玉米。肥料试验包括不施肥对照（CK）、施氮、钾肥（NK）、氮磷钾平衡施肥（NPK）、氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）共4 个处理。选取了2018年0-20，20-40，40-60 cm的土壤样品，测定土壤性质，并采用Hedley连续浸提法分析了土壤磷形态。试验结果表明，长期有机无机配施处理（NPKM）促进了磷在土壤剖面的积累，与初始值相比，其全磷含量增加了0.6-1.6倍。NPKM处理中，其剖面的有效磷含量也远远超过了黑土的环境阈值（50.6 mg kg^-1）。此外，NPKM处理中土壤剖面各活性和中活性态无机磷（NaHCO₃-Pi，NaOH-Pi和diluted HCl-Pi）的含量与比例显著高于NPK处理。这表明，NPKM处理可促进土壤稳定态磷向活性较高的磷形态转化。这可能是由于NPKM降低了土壤对磷的固定。冗余分析结果表明，由施肥引起的土壤有机质、Mehlich3-Fe和络合态铝氧化物含量的增加是影响黑土0-20 cm磷形态差异的主要因素。土壤矿物组分，如游离态的铁氧化物、碳酸钙是影响黑土深层土壤磷形态差异的主要因素。这表明黑土磷的转化过程同时受土层和施肥的影响。由于磷在不同土层中的积累和转化导致的高含量的有效磷以及有机肥的施用增加的活性较高的磷形态含量，我们在生产实践中应适当的减少或优化化肥的投入，以实现农业与环境的可持续发展。

本研究中，我们首先测定了中国山东省潍坊市番茄果实采集到的ToMMV山东分离物（ToMMV-SD）的症状特点和基因组特性。ToMMV-SD在番茄叶片上引起严重的花叶、斑驳和坏死，在果实上引起黄斑和坏死斑。ToMMV-SD全长基因组包括6399个核苷酸（登录号：NW373515），在基因组水平上与美国分离物SC13-051一致率最高，为99.5%。构建的ToMMV-SD侵染性克隆在本氏烟（Nicotiana benthamiana）叶片引起明显的花叶和坏死。ToMMV-SD可侵染一些含有抗性基因Tm-2²的商业化番茄品种和含有抗性基因L的辣椒品种。茄子（Solanum melongena）和大白菜（Brassica pekinensis）表现斑驳症状，中烟100（N. tabacum cv. Zhongyan 100）表现为无症侵染。ToMMV-SD不能侵染小白菜（Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis）、萝卜（Raphanus sativus）、原种28-2豇豆（Vigna unguiculata cv. Yuanzhong 28-2）、含有N基因的珊西烟（N. tabacum cv. Xanthi NN）和Tm-2²转基因本氏烟。建立的五重RT-PCR系统能够将ToMMV与番茄花叶病毒、番茄褐色皱果病毒、烟草花叶病毒和番茄斑萎病毒区分，检测下限达到0.02 pg。这些结果对ToMMV的快速诊断和防控具有积极作用。

Most agricultural soils in sub-Saharan Africa are degraded, compromising the grain yield of rice and farmers return on investment.  A 3-year field study was undertaken to explore the effect of the application of compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer applied alone or in combination with biochar on soil quality, grain yield of rice and net income.  The five treatments were laid out using a randomized complete block design with four replications.  The treatments were applied to supply approximately 75 kg N ha^–1.  The best fertilizer input was compost+biochar which resulted in the greatest improvement in soil physico-chemical properties by reducing bulk density and increasing porosity and moisture retention, organic matter content, percent nitrogen, available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity.  Apart from treatment with inorganic fertilizer alone, treated soils showed a decrease in pH. Bacterial and fungal counts and basal respiration decreased in soils in the following order: compost+biochar>compost only>inorganic NPK fertilizer+biochar>inorganic NPK fertilizer>control.  The increase in pooled grain yield and net income in response to treatment followed the order: compost+biochar>NPK+biochar>NPK>compost>control.  The findings suggest that the use of compost or NPK alone might improve soil quality and increase grain yield and net income, but it is greatly recommended to co-apply these fertilisers with biochar. 

绿肥作物具有减少农业生态系统温室气体排放（GHG）的潜力，并提供重要的生态系统服务，契合联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。然而，种植绿肥作物并未得到农民广泛认可。例如，在全国范围内，绿肥作物的种植面积占耕地面积比例不足3.5%。本研究旨在解析农民种植绿肥作物低采用率的原因。我们采用Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) 方法，让农民对不同的耕地保护措施进行排序，包括三种类型的绿肥作物种植系统。以中国西北部甘肃省为例，对276名农民进行了调查。研究结果表明，绿肥作物的低采用率有三个因素：1）农民更喜欢改善农田灌溉设施和以有机代替化肥，而不是种植绿肥作物； 2) 对绿肥作物的政策缺乏认识和理解，且获得培训课程的机会有限； 3）政府财政支持和补贴不足。本研究为政策决策者进一步推广绿肥作物提供了参考与建议。

甘薯(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)作为一种重要的杂粮作物，在世界各地广泛种植，但深受甘薯病毒病(SPVD)的影响。本研究利用短串联靶标模拟物（STTM）成功抑制甘薯miR397的表达，上调其靶基因漆酶（IbLACs）的表达，使木质素合成途径的上游基因，包括苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶（4CL）、羟基肉桂酰CoA:莽草酸/奎宁酸羟基肉桂酰转移酶（HTC）、咖啡酸O-甲基转移酶（COMT）、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)等基因被反馈调控而广泛上调表达。同时，导致PAL和LAC的酶活性显著增加，促进木质素的合成与积累。木质素在细胞壁中的沉积增加了转基因甘薯植株的物理防御能力，有效减少了烟粉虱对SPVD的传播，保证甘薯的健康生长。本研究为甘薯抗病育种和绿色生产提供了新思路。

该研究旨在探索心理账户理论与农户自产食物消费之间的关联。我们假设心理账户理论可能适用于解释农户分配和使用自产食物的部分行为。收获后农户预留部分自产食物作为自食账户，并一直消费自食账户中的食物。由心理账户理论在其他应用领域中发现的特征，我们推测农户在对自产食物的消费上可能出现以下现象：心理账户使得农户忽略自食账户的机会成本，使其对价格变动不敏感；当某一种农产品的产量小于农户消费需求（设定的自食账户量）时，产量对自食消费有显著正向影响；当产量大于农户消费需求时，产量对自食消费不再有显著影响。研究采用来自中国六个贫困县的农户调查数据，针对大米、面粉、马铃薯、猪肉、鸡蛋五种食物自产部分的消费，运用双对数需求模型验证以上假设。结果表明当产量小于农户消费需求时，自产面粉、马铃薯、猪肉的消费符合价格不敏感假设，而当产量大于农户消费需求时，自产大米、猪肉、鸡蛋的消费符合价格不敏感假设。产量对五种自产食物的消费都有显著正向影响，但当产量小于农户消费需求时的影响程度远大于产量大于农户消费需求时。由此进一步讨论了研究的局限性、政策含义以及未来的研究方向。

为探究亚热带富磷（30年长期施肥稻田）和缺磷（休耕制稻田）水稻土中LMWOP的生物有效性及其转化，本研究在土壤中外源添加14C标记的腺苷、单磷酸腺苷(AMP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)，分析其吸附和矿化的差异。结果表明，富磷水稻土的碳、氮、磷含量是缺磷水稻土的2倍多。与缺磷水稻土相比，富磷水稻土的LMWOP化合物的矿化速率更快，且矿化速率随磷酸盐基团数量的增加而减小，即AMP>ADP>ATP。灭菌条件下，稻田土对腺苷类有机磷有很强吸附作用，在短时间内就达到了吸附饱和，且吸附量随磷酸盐基团数量的增加而增加，然而对腺苷的吸附作用较弱。以上结果表明，土壤吸附在短时间内对LMWOP矿化有轻微的抑制作用。总结而言，LMWOP能作为微生物的碳源，同时也增加了磷素的有效性，但是富磷水稻土中磷素积累与吸附饱和，也可能导致磷流失风险的增加。

In an attempt to identify solutions to the effects of erratic rainfall patterns and droughts that limit agricultural production growth, the Rwandan government has recently increased investments in irrigation development.  In this study, we analyze the adoption of small-scale irrigation technologies (SSITs) and its impact on land productivity using cross-sectional data from a sample of 360 farmers in Rwanda.  The study uses the propensity score matching technique to address potential self-selection bias.  Our results reveal that adoption decisions are significantly influenced by factors such as education, farm size, group membership, gender, extension services, access to credit, access to weather forecast information, risk perceptions, access to a reliable source of water for irrigation, awareness of rainwater harvesting techniques, and awareness of subsidy programs.  In addition, the results show that the adoption of SSITs has a significantly positive impact on land productivity.  The study concludes with policy implications that highlight the need to promote the adoption of SSITs among farmers as a strategy to improve agricultural productivity and food security in Rwanda.  

豆科植物的氮固定及其向禾本科植物的氮转移被认为是禾本科/豆科间作系统增产和氮素高效利用的一种重要途径。然而间作作物的根系形态变化对氮固定和氮转移的贡献尚不清楚，本研究通过连续两年的双因素（两个氮水平，三种根系分隔方式）温室实验，运用15N同位素标记技术测定了玉米/紫花苜蓿间作系统的氮素固定，氮素转移以及根系形态特征变化。研究结果表明，施氮显著抑制了玉米/紫花苜蓿的氮素固定和转移。不考虑施氮水平，与塑料膜分隔相比，尼龙网分隔和不分隔处理使总生物量和总吸氮量分别提高了36%和28%，同时使氮素固定率显著升高了75-134%；不分隔处理的间作系统氮素转移量是尼龙网分隔处理的1.24-1.42倍。冗余度分析(RDA) 表明玉米冠根干重和苜蓿侧根数量与间作氮素固定和转移的相关性最强。我们的研究强调了根系接触和根系形态变化对增强玉米/紫花苜蓿间作系统的氮素固定与转移的重要性，这种间作系统产量的增加是通过较大的促进玉米生长，同时以降低一小部分苜蓿的生长为代价来实现的。

施加硅或钾已经被证明对盐碱胁迫下植物的生长具有促进作用。但是，硅和钾对盐碱胁迫下植物生长、离子分布和区隔化的协同调控效应还不清楚。本研究对不同盐碱水平下的黑麦草生长和离子选择性吸收特性进行研究。低盐碱胁迫下，当硅单独施加或与钾联合施用时黑麦草的生长参数显著提高。高盐碱胁迫下，只有硅和钾联合施用黑麦草的生长才有显著提高。当硅和钾联合施用时，根、茎和叶部的K⁺/Na⁺比和 Ca²⁺/Na⁺比相较单独施用有显著提高。同时，叶片的液泡、细胞壁和细胞器中的K⁺和Ca²⁺含量均有显著提高，这是因为施加的K⁺与溶液中的Na⁺形成竞争，从而维持植物的渗透势和叶片的含水量。当硅和钾同时施用时，Na⁺的浓度降低并主要累积在可溶性溶质和细胞壁中。当硅和钾联合施用时，黑麦草中的硅浓度显著提高，并主要累积在细胞壁和可溶性溶质中，从而有助于叶绿素的合成，缓解质膜损伤和增加盐碱胁迫下的水分吸收。该研究证实了不同盐碱胁迫下硅和钾对植物生长的协同调控作用，同时为硅钾肥的生产和在盐碱土的应用提供理论指导。