在苹果产区农业人口老龄化与农村劳动力转移双重人口发展趋势下，“将来谁来种苹果”的问题凸显。由于中国实行以家庭联产承包责任制为特征的农业经营制度，苹果生产仍然以农户家庭经营为主，在苹果主产区农户农地流转比例较低的现实背景下，农户及其后代的苹果经营意愿对苹果可持续生产具有重要影响，因此，深入了解农户苹果经营代际传递意愿对分析苹果产区未来苹果产业发展形势、协调城镇化与苹果产业发展的关系、提升苹果可持续发展能力具有重要意义。该研究揭示了除了地理位置专用性的负向影响之外，人力资本专用性、实物资产专用性和土地资产专用性均会增强农户苹果经营代际传递意愿。损失厌恶在实物资产专用性、土地资产专用性和地理位置专用性对农户苹果经营代际传递意愿的影响中发挥部分中介作用。

分子标记辅助选择(MAS)可以显著提高无核葡萄的育种效率，加快育种进程。本研究基于VviAGL11基因的单碱基突变位点（Chr.18:26889437（A/C））开发了KASP_VviAGL11和VviAGL11_410标记，并以SSR标记p3_VvAGL11、5U_VviAGL11标记作对比，分别在101份葡萄品种和81份葡萄F₁杂交株系进行检测。结果认为KASP_VviAGL11和VviAGL11_410均检测出A等位基因时与葡萄无核性状紧密关联，且准确率为100%，而p3_VvAGL11、5U_VviAGL11由于容易产生假阳性导致准确率偏低。然后通过评估不同标记使用的技术优缺点，明确了KASP_VviAGL11标记具有更加简单、经济、高效、精确的优势。最终，本研究优化了以KASP_VviAGL11标记为核心的无核葡萄分子标记辅助选择育种过程，为加快无核葡萄新品种培育进程提供关键技术支持。

外源基因在转基因动物和细胞中稳定、高效的表达，对于基因功能的研究和生物反应器的建立至关重要。动物基因组中的友好基因座能使外源基因高效稳定的表达且无副作用，但目前猪基因组中可供外源基因安全、高效定点整合的基因座相对较少，限制了多转基因猪的研究和发展。本研究提出了一种将猪I型胶原α1链（collagen type I alpha 1 chain，COL1A1）基因座作为友好基因座表达外源基因的新策略。利用CRISPOR软件设计了一对靶向COL1A1基因终止密码子的sgRNA，并连接到CRISPR/Cas9表达载体pX330中；同时合成了一个不含启动子、左右同源臂各长为900 bp的2A-GFP供体载体，然后共转染猪肾上皮细胞（porcine kidney epithelial，PK15)，胎儿成纤维细胞（porcine embryonic fibroblast，PEF）以及回肠上皮细胞（porcine intestinal epithelial，IPI-2I）3种细胞。电转染48 h后观察3种细胞的荧光情况，72 h后通过流式细胞术分选绿色荧光蛋白阳性的细胞，并通过荧光定量、蛋白质印记、转录组测序和CCK8实验在不同水平上评估COL1A1基因作为猪基因组外源基因定点整合位点的安全性。结果表明，共转染sgRNA和供体载体之后，可以分别在猪3种不同细胞中观察到绿色荧光，说明同源重组介导的定点整合系统可以在猪基因组中很好的发挥作用。qPCR结果显示，GFP敲入对3种细胞COL1A1基因mRNA的表达并无显著影响（PK15、PEF和IPI-2I细胞中的P值分别为0.29、0.66和0.20）。同样，蛋白质印记结果显示，GFP阳性细胞与野生型细胞COL1A1蛋白的表达并无显著差异（PK15、PEF和IPI-2I细胞中的P值分别为0.64、0.48和0.80)。转录组测序结果显示，GFP阳性PEF细胞与野生型PEF细胞的转录组显著正相关（P<2.2e-16），表明GFP敲入没有改变内源性基因的整体表达。CCK8实验表明，GFP敲入对PK15细胞增殖并无显著影响（24 h，48 h，72 h，96 h，120 h的P值分别为0.31，0.96，0.24，0.17和0.38）。上述结果表明，COL1A1基因可作为猪基因组中外源基因定点整合的友好基因座，可广泛应用于家畜育种和生物医学模型的建立。本研究首次鉴定出了COL1A1基因可以作为猪基因组中的友好基因座。

再生稻是指头季收获后，采用一定的栽培管理措施使稻茬上存活的休眠芽萌发成穗而再收获一季水稻的种植模式，具有省工、省种、省水、省药、省秧田和米质优等优点。边际效应是作物生产中的普遍现象，指边行植株由于具有更多的光照和养分，相比内行植株往往具有明显的产量优势。边际效应的挖掘与利用，对于构建水稻高产栽培模式具有重要意义。目前有关水稻边际效应的研究主要集中于常规稻作模式，而对再生稻边际效应的报道尚少。再生稻两季的边际效应有何差异，头季边行优势是否会促进再生季边际效应的发挥尚不清楚。因此，本研究在湖北省蕲春县开展为期两年的大田试验，于头季与再生季分别测定边行和中间行的产量及产量相关性状，旨在量化再生稻两季边际效应的差异以及头季边际效应对再生季边际效应的贡献。结果表明：再生稻在头季和再生季均存在明显的边际效应，且头季边际效应大于再生季。头季边际效应高达98.3%，得益于较多的有效穗数、每穗颖花数和干物质积累量。而再生季边际效应为60.9%，其中约一半由头季的边际效应所贡献。进一步分析发现，头季促进再生季边际效应发挥的原因在于头季收获时较高的稻桩干重和碳水化合物含量促进了再生季有效穗数和干物质积累量的增加。因此，增加稻桩的干物质和碳水化合物累积是提高再生季产量的有效措施。

本研究通过RNA-seq分析比较了甘蓝型油菜-白芥属间杂种后代的黄籽材料及其褐籽亲本间的基因表达差异，并与类黄酮和脂肪酸含量变化进行关联分析。通过HPLC-PDA-ESI(−)/MSⁿ分析，我们发现黄籽中苯丙烷和类黄酮类物质（如异鼠李素、表儿茶素、山奈酚和其它衍生物）的含量显著低于褐籽材料。黄籽材料的脂肪酸含量较褐籽高，主要是由于C16:0、C18:0、C18:1、C18:2和C18:3的含量变化所导致。通过授粉后4周（4 WAF）和5周种子的RNA-seq分析，我们发现黄、褐籽间的差异表达基因（DEGs）主要富集于类黄酮和脂肪酸合成相关的路径，包括BnTT3、BnTT4、BnTT18和BnFAD2。此外，我们发现黄籽中脂肪酸合成、去饱和、延伸相关的基因（FAD3、LEC1、FUS3、LPAT2）较褐籽上调表达，而与β氧化相关的基因（AIM1和KAT2）在黄籽中下调表达。这些与类黄酮、苯丙烷、脂肪酸含量变化相关的DEGs将有助于解释黄籽甘蓝型油菜的表型变化，且对于油菜的遗传改良也具有一定的意义。

本研究调查了香味和抗寒无核品种选育中不同浓度的多效唑及胚采集时期对胚形成、萌发和成苗率的影响。结果显示，不同浓度的多效唑对不同葡萄品种子房和胚的发育影响不一致。红无籽露×北冰红和昆香无核×泰山-2组合在1.5 mg L^-1多效唑处理下胚形成率最高。红无籽露×北冰红组合在1.0 μmol L^-1多效唑处理下萌芽率和成苗率最高，但红无籽露×昆香无核组合在0.2 μmol L^-1多效唑处理下萌芽率最好。不同的杂交组合取胚时间也不同。火焰无核×玫瑰香最佳取胚时间为授粉后39 d，昆香无核×北冰红为授粉后46 d，红宝石无核×北冰红及奇妙无核×双优为授粉后41 d。另外，向培养基中补充0.5 mg L^-1吲哚丁酸可以帮助畸形苗恢复为正常幼苗并获得生长健壮的子代。研究结果将为利用胚挽救技术选育无核葡萄新品种奠定基础。

Understanding of how combinations of agronomic options can be used to improve the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of winter wheat is limited.  A three-year experiment involving four integrated management strategies was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Tai’an, Shandong Province, China, to evaluate changes in grain yield and NUE.  The integrated management treatments were as follows: current practice (T1); improvement of current practice (T2); high-yield management (T3), which aimed to maximize grain yield regardless of the cost of resource inputs; and integrated soil and crop system management (T4) with a higher seeding rate, delayed sowing date, and optimized nutrient management.  Seeding rates increased by 75 seeds m^–2 with each treatment from T1 (225 seeds m^–2) to T4 (450 seeds m^–2).  The sowing dates were delayed from T1 (5th Oct.) to T2 and T3 (8th Oct.), and to T4 treatment (12th Oct.).  T1, T2, T3, and T4 received 315, 210, 315, and 240 kg N ha^–1, 120, 90, 210 and 120 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1, 30, 75, 90, and 45 kg K₂O ha^–1, respectively.  The ratio of basal application to topdressing for T1, T2, T3, and T4 was 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 4:6, respectively, with the N topdressing applied at regreening for T1 and at jointing stage for T2, T3, and T4.  The P fertilizers in all treatments were applied as basal fertilizer.  The K fertilizer for T1 and T2 was applied as basal fertilizer while the ratio of basal application to topdressing (at jointing stage) of K fertilizer for both T3 and T4 was 6:4.  T1, T2, T3, and T4 were irrigated five, four, four and three times, respectively.  Treatment T3 produced the highest grain yield among all treatments over three years and the average yield was 9 277.96 kg ha^–1.  Grain yield averaged across three years with the T4 treatment (8 892.93 kg ha^–1) was 95.85% of that with T3 and was 21.72 and 6.10% higher than that with T1 (7 305.95 kg ha^–1) and T2 (8 381.41 kg ha^–1), respectively.  Treatment T2 produced the highest NUE of all the integrated treatments.  The NUE with T4 was 95.36% of that with T2 and was 51.91 and 25.62% higher than that with T1 and T3, respectively.  The N uptake efficiency (UPE) averaged across three years with T4 was 50.75 and 16.62% higher than that with T1 and T3, respectively.  The N utilization efficiency (UTE) averaged across three years with T4 was 7.74% higher than that with T3.  The increased UPE with T4 compared with T3 could be attributed mostly to the lower available N in T4, while the increased UTE with T4 was mainly due to the highest N harvest index and low grain N concentration, which consequently led to improved NUE.  The net profit for T4 was the highest among four treatments and was 174.94, 22.27, and 28.10% higher than that for T1, T2, and T3, respectively.  Therefore, the T4 treatment should be a recommendable management strategy to obtain high grain yield, high NUE, and high economic benefits in the target region, although further improvements of NUE are required.

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Water used in agriculture consumes much energy, mainly due to pumping water for irrigation, but the water-energy nexus is always neglected in arid and semi-arid areas. Based on hydrological observation data, irrigation data and socioeconomic data over the past 50 yr, this study has derived a detailed estimate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural water use in the Minqin Oasis. Results show that the decreasing water supply and increasing demand for agriculture has caused severe water deficits over the past 50 yr in this region. The groundwater energy use rate rose by 76% between 1961 and 2009 because of the serious decline in groundwater levels. An increase in pump lift by an average 1 m would cause GHG emission rates to rise by around 2%. Over the past 10 yr, the GHG emissions from groundwater accounted for 65-88% of the total emissions from agricultural water. GHG emissions for diverted water varied from 0.047 to 0.074 Mt CO2e as the water input increased. Long distance conveyance and high pump lifts need more electricity input than groundwater abstraction does. Government policies have had a favorable effect on total emissions by reducing water abstraction. But groundwater depletion, exacerbated by a growing population and an expansion in arable land, remains the principal energy-water nexus challenge in the region. In response to the increasing water-energy crisis, energy-saving irrigation technology, matching to cost efficiencies, and better coordination between different infrastructural agencies could be feasible ways of rendering the water and energy sectors more sustainable over the long term.

The development of mammary glands, endocrine hormone concentrations and the gene expression of related receptors were measured in ovariectomized virgin rats after adminstration of an estrogen-like plant extract, rutin. Thirty-two ovariectomized virgin Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 8 animals each: gastric infusion of 2 mL normal saline per unovariectomized rat per day (Sham), gastric infusion of 2 mL normal saline per ovariectomized rat per day (Ova), gastric infusion of 60 mg rutin kg-1 body weight (BW) per ovariectomized rat per day (Ova+Rut), or intramuscular injection of 60 μg estradiol kg-1 BW per ovariectomized rat weekly (Ova+Est). Samples of blood and mammary glands were harvested to determine the levels of estrogen (E2), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH), and the gene expression of estrogen receptors (ER), prolactin receptors (PRLR) and growth hormone receptors (GHR) with radioimmunoassy (RIA) and RT-PCR technology, respectively. The E2 concentration in plasma and gland tissues from the rats of Ovx+Rut or Ovx+Est was higher than that of Ovx (P<0.05), but the plasma E2 concentration from the rats of Ovx+Rut was lower than that of Sham (P<0.05). The order of the PRL concentration in plasma and gland tissues was Ovx