型干扰素（type I interferon, IFN-I）是保护机体抵御病原微生物感染的重要防线。干扰素调节因子（IFN regulatory factor，IRF）在DNA及RNA病毒感染鸡后刺激机体产生IFN-I、建立抗感染免疫的过程中发挥重要作用。在哺乳动物体内，主要依赖IRF3和IRF7共同调节IFN-I的表达。但是，鸡先天缺乏IRF3，主要依赖IRF7调控IFN-I的表达。目前，已在哺乳动物体内鉴定出4种IRF7剪切异构体，但鸡IRF7（chicken IRF7， chIRF7）是否存在类似的剪切变异及其功能均不清楚。本研究在构建chIRF7克隆过程中，鉴定出一个新的剪切异构体，命名为chIRF7-iso。序列分析发现，与chIRF7相比，chIRF7-iso包含完整的N端DNA-结合结构域，但其C端存在14个差异氨基酸。随后，我们评估了chIRF7和chIRF7-iso对IFN-β启动子的活化能力，并以新城疫病毒弱毒疫苗株LaSota和高致病性血清4型禽腺病毒（Fowl adenovirus serotype 4, FAdV-4）作为研究对象，评估了chIRF7-iso对这两株病毒在鸡肝细胞（leghorn male hepatocellular， LMH）中复制能力的影响。结果发现，chIRF7可以促进IFN-β的高水平表达，而chIRF7-iso对IFN-β启动子活性及表达量无明显影响。此外，LaSota和FAdV-4在过表达chIRF7的LMH细胞中复制水平较低，而在chIRF7-iso转染组细胞中增殖较好。这些结果均说明，本研究新鉴定出一种chIRF7剪切异构体，且chIRF7-iso可能通过负调控IFN-β通路而影响病毒的增殖。该研究为丰富鸡天然免疫应答奠定了基础。

产肉量是家畜（包括猪、牛和羊等）重要生产力指标和经济性状之一。产肉量是典型的数量性状，受多基因调控。影响产肉性状形成的基础是骨骼肌组织的生长和发育。骨骼肌生长发育是一个复杂的生物学过程，包括成肌细胞的形成、增殖、凋亡、迁移、融合和分化。骨骼肌损伤修复过程中基因表达变化与初始胚胎发育过程类似，完美的重现了上述骨骼肌生长发育过程。因此，骨骼肌损伤修复被认为是研究骨骼肌生长发育的理想模型。鉴定骨骼肌损伤修复过程中调节肌生成相关重要基因和特定调控网络，能够为家畜产肉量等重要经济生产性状形成的分子机制提供理论支持。已有研究表明，骨骼肌功能障碍与肌营养不良、萎缩，2型糖尿病和衰老相关的肌肉减少症等500多种人类疾病密切相关。因此，深入了解骨骼肌损伤修复过程中基因表达差异以及调控网络，也能为再生医学提供新的药物靶点，这些靶点可以增强或诱导功能性骨骼肌从头生成，以治疗先天性缺失或创伤性组织损失。

近些年针对小鼠骨骼肌损伤修复的单细胞RNA 测序(scRNA-seq)陆续产出了大量数据，但是，从单细胞水平研究骨骼肌再生过程中基因表达变化的数据库尚未构建。本研究汇集了七个关键再生时间点和正常骨骼肌单细胞RNA-seq数据（共计超过 105,000 个细胞）开展一系列生物信息分析，包括细胞聚类、细胞类型注释、细胞周期识别、骨骼肌卫星细胞发育状态转换轨迹和调节单元动态表达图谱构建等。开发构建了SCSMRD （https://scsmrd.fengs-lab.com）数据库，界面友好，操作简单，提供了多种搜索功能，包括，用户感兴趣基因在不同细胞类型和损伤修复不同时间点的动态表达图谱，不同细胞类型中特异调节单元网络动态变化和用户感兴趣基因基因在骨骼肌卫星细胞发育状态转变过程中的表达模式等。SCSMRD数据库为研究人员在单细胞层面研究骨骼肌损伤修复的转录组动态变化提供了可靠的生信技术支撑和数据支持。

灌浆是籽粒形成的重要生理过程，直接决定最终产量。本研究以1964至2014年间在中国育成的50个代表性玉米单交种为试验材料，在多环境下对玉米籽粒灌浆特性演变规律进行研究。结果表明，籽粒灌浆快增期（Effective grain filling phase）的灌浆速率（43.40%）与灌浆持续时间（54.46%）对百粒重的形成具有重要作用。同时发现，随着不同时期育成单交种百粒重的显著增加，实际灌浆期（Actual grain filling period duration，AFPD）表现为持续上升，每10年有效积温平均增加23.41 ℃day。但对生理成熟期（Days from sowing to physiological maturity，DPM）而言，每10年有效积温仅平均增加19.76°C d，播种至吐丝的天数（Days from sowing to silking, DTS）占整个生理成熟期的比例则明显降低，由上世纪60年代的53.24%降至本世纪初的49.78%（2010s）。另外，还发现不同年代间中国育成单交种的各阶段籽粒灌浆速率均不存在显著差异，但籽粒灌浆相关性状的稳定性明显改善。对本土育种家选育单交种与国外种子企业选育单交种的灌浆特性进行比较，发现外来品种的籽粒快增期灌浆持续时间更长、灌浆相关性状的稳定性更高。根据本研究的结果，认为缩短播种至吐丝的天数，延长籽粒灌浆持续时间，提高籽粒灌浆速率，并继续提升籽粒灌浆相关性状的稳定性将有利于未来玉米品种产量的进一步提高。

冠根系统是玉米营养期和生殖期最重要的根系组成部分。然而，玉米冠根性状的遗传基础及其与地上部农艺性状的关系尚不清楚。本研究以531个玉米优良自交系为研究对象，在不同的田间环境下，对其冠根相关性状和地上部农艺性状进行表型分析。结果表明，根系性状与开花时间、株型结构、籽粒产量等地上部农艺性状呈显著正相关。通过全基因组关联分析（GWAS）结合重测序，共鉴定出115关联位点和22个高置信候选基因。其中冠根与花期和植株构型有46个QTL共定位，因此大约三分之一的冠根性状遗传变异可能要归因于开花时间和植株结构。此外，115个冠根位点中有103个（89.6%）位于已知的驯化和改良选择范围内，这表明冠根在玉米驯化和改良过程中可能经历了间接选择。此外，Zm00001d036901是一个高置信候选基因，其表达可能与玉米冠根的表型变异有关，Zm00001d036901在玉米驯化改良过程中是受选择的。本研究促进了我们对根系结构遗传基础的理解，并为改进玉米根系结构提供了基因组学资源。

小麦的高产主要通过增施氮肥和增加灌水实现，但过量的氮肥和灌水投入增加了倒伏的风险。本研究的主要目的是明确高产小麦抗倒伏能力对氮肥和灌水的响应以及探索提高小麦抗倒伏性的有效途径。试验于2015-2016和2016-2017生长季在山东农业大学农学实验站进行，供试品种为济麦22，设置3个施氮量和4个灌水处理，主要研究结果如下：随施氮量增加，倒伏指数和倒伏率增加，倒伏风险上升。增加氮肥用量，与倒伏指数呈正相关的株高、基部节间长度和重心高度显著增加，与倒伏指数呈负相关的基部第二节间（茎秆和叶鞘）充实度及其细胞壁组分含量显著降低。适度增加灌水可增加基部第二节间壁厚、茎秆抗折力和叶鞘的充实度，增加了茎秆强度。在本实验条件下，施氮量240 kg hm^-2 并配合在拔节期和开花期各灌水600 m³ hm^-2在获得最高产量的同时茎秆强度最大。结果表明，适宜的株高保证高产所需的足够的生物量，较厚的壁厚、较高的茎秆和叶鞘充实度以及细胞壁组分含量保证了较大的茎秆强度，以上特征可作为创建小麦高产抗倒群体的参考指标。

栽培草莓（Fragaria×ananassa）来自四个二倍体祖先：F. vesca，F. viridis，F .iinumae和F. nipponica。其中，F. vesca是栽培草莓最主要的亚基因组。目前，基因表达如何促进二倍体和八倍体草莓之间的果实发育过程中的差异的机制沿不清楚。在这里，我们对F. vesca和F.×ananassa的转录组进行全面分析，以研究水果发育不同阶段的基因表达。通过二倍体和八倍体之间的成对比较，我们总共获得了3,741个（转色期）和3,960个（成熟期）差异表达的基因。类黄酮生物合成中涉及的基因在八倍体的转色阶段被显著上调，并且我们还通过加权共表达网络（WGCNA）分析发现了与几种类黄酮生物合成基因（包括FveMYB10，FveMYB9/11和FveRAP）相关的成熟果实特异性模块。此外，我们确定了八倍体和二倍体果实中的物种特异调控网络。值得注意的是，我们发现WAK和F-box基因分别在八倍体和二倍体果实中富集。总体而言，这项研究有助于阐明草莓的类黄酮生物合成和果实大小，这对栽培草莓的未来分子育种具有重要意义。

   Straw return is an important management tool for tackling and promoting soil nutrient conservation and improving crop yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Although the incorporation of maize straw with deep plowing and rotary tillage practices are widespread in the region, only few studies have focused on rotation tillage. To determine the effects of maize straw return on the nitrogen (N) efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we conducted experiments in this region for 3 years. Five treatments were tested: (i) rotary tillage without straw return (RT); (ii) deep plowing tillage without straw return (DT); (iii) rotary tillage with total straw return (RS); (iv) deep plowing tillage with total straw return (DS); (v) rotary tillage of 2 years and deep plowing tillage in the 3rd year with total straw return (TS). Treatments with straw return increased kernels no. ear^–1, thousand-kernel weight (TKW), grain yields, ratio of dry matter accumulation post-anthesis, and nitrogen (N) efficiency whereas reduced the ears no. ha^–1 in the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 growing seasons. Compared with the rotary tillage, deep plowing tillage significantly increased the grain yield, yield components, total dry matter accumulation, and N efficiency in 2013–2014. RS had significantly higher straw N distribution, soil inorganic nitrogen content, and soil enzymes activities in the 0–10 cm soil layer compared with the DS and TS. However, significantly lower values were observed in the 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil layers. TS obtained approximately equal grain yield as DS, and it also reduced the resource costs. Therefore, we conclude that TS is the most economical method for increasing grain yield and N efficiency of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

    Increasing leaf photosynthesis per area (A) is of great importance to achieve yield further improvement. The aim of this study was to exploit varietal difference in A and its correlation with specific leaf weight (SLW). Twelve rice cultivars, including 6 indica and 6 japonica varieties, were pot-grown under two N treatments, low N (LN) and sufficient N (SN). Leaf photosynthesis and related parameters were measured at tillering stage. Compared with LN treatment, A, stomatal conductance (g_s), mesophyll conductance (g_m), leaf N content (Narea), and chlorophyll content were significantly improved under SN treatment, while SLW and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) were generally decreased. Varietal difference in A was positively related to both gs and gm, but not related to Narea. This resulted in a low PNUE in high Narea leaves. Varietal difference in PNUE was generally negatively related to SLW. Response of PNUE to N supply varied among different rice cultivars, and interestingly, the decrease in PNUE under SN was negatively related to the decrease in SLW. With a higher N_area, japonica rice cultivars did not show a higher A than indica rice cultivars because of possession of high-SLW leaves. Therefore, varietal difference in A was not related to N_area, and SLW can substantially interfere with the correlation between A and N_area. These findings may provide useful information for rice breeders to maximize A and PNUE, rather than over reliance on N_area as an indicator of photosynthetic performance.

    Soil loss due to crop harvesting (SLCH) is a soil erosion process that significantly contributes to soil degradation in croplands. However, little is known about soil nutrient losses caused by SLCH and its environmental impacts. In the North China Plain area, we measured the losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen as well as phosphorus due to SLCH and assessed their relationship with soil particle size composition, agronomic practices and soil moisture content. Our results show that the losses by harvesting potato of SOC, total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and total phosphorus (TP) were 1.7, 1.8, 1.8, 15.9 and 14.1 times compared by harvesting sweet potato, respectively. The variation of SOC, N and P loss by SLCH are mainly explained by the variation of plant density (PD) (17–50%), net mass of an individual tuber (M_crop/p) (16–74%), soil clay content (34–70%) and water content (19–46%). Taking into account the current sewage treatment system and the ratio of the nutrients adhering to the tubers during transportation from the field (NTR_P/SP), the loss of TN and TP by harvesting of potato and sweet potato in the North China Plain area amounts to 3% N and 20% P loads in the water bodies of this region. The fate of the exported N and P in the sewage treatment system ultimately controls the contribution of N and P to the pollution of lakes and rivers. Our results suggest that a large amount of SLCH-induced soil nutrient export during transportation from the field is a potential pollutant source for agricultural water for vast planting areas of tuber crops in China, and should not be overlooked.

   Winter chill is essential for the growth and development of deciduous species. To understand the relationship between accumulated chilling hours during endodormancy and blooming and fruit shape development, we controlled chilling hours and investigated their effects on blooming date and fruit shape of peaches. The results showed that the number of days to full bloom date and the heat requirement for blooming were negatively correlated with accumulated chilling hours. Accumulated chilling hours were significantly negatively correlated with fruit shape index and fruit tip lengths, suggesting that the number of chilling hours affect the fruit shape development. Fewer accumulated chilling hours may be the major reason for longer fruit shape and protruding fruit tips. In conclusion, our results indicate specifically that decreased winter chilling hours can delay the bloom date and may lead to aberrant fruit shape development in peaches. Our study provides preliminary insights into the response of temperate fruit species to global climate change.

Study on soil phosphorus (P) fraction is an important aspect in probing the mechanisms of soil P accumulation in farmland and mitigating its losing risk to the environment. We used a sequential extraction method to evaluate the impacts of long-term fertilization and straw incorporation on inorganic, organic, and residual P (Pi, Po, and Pre) fractions in the plow layer (0–20 cm) of acidic paddy soil in southern China. The experiment comprised of six treatments: (i) no fertilizer control (CK); (ii) straw incorporation and green manure (SG); (iii) nitrogen and P fertilizer (NP); (iv) NP+SG; (v) NP+K fertilizer (NPK); and (vi) NPK+SG. The results showed that, compared to the initial total soil P content (TSP, 600 mg kg–1 in 1990), long-term (20 years) combined continuous P fertilizer and SG significantly increased P accumulation (by 13–20%) while single fertilization (39.3 kg P ha–1 yr–1) could maintain soil P status at the most. The average soil P fractions comprised of extractable Pi, Po, and Pre by 51.7, 33.4, and 14.9% in total soil P, respectively. With comparison of no fertilizer addition (CK), long-term single fertilization significantly (P<0.05) increased the accumulation of NaHCO3 –, NaOH–, and HCl– extractable Pi fractions accounting for two- to three-fold, while SG increased the accumulation of NaHCO3 – and NaOH– extractable Pi and Po accounting for 12–60%. Though the mobilization of Pre fractions was not significant (P>0.05), our data indicate that SG may partially substitute for fertilizer P input and minimizing soil P accumulation and subsequent environmental risk in the subtropical paddy soil.

Based on climate data from 254 meteorological stations, this study estimated the effects of climate change on rice planting boundaries and potential yields in the southern China during 1951-2010. The results indicated a significant northward shift and westward expansion of northern boundaries for rice planting in the southern China. Compared with the period of 1951-1980, the average temperature during rice growing season in the period of 1981-2010 increased by 0.4°C, and the northern planting boundaries for single rice cropping system (SRCS), early triple cropping rice system (ETCRS), medium triple cropping rice system (MTCRS), and late triple cropping rice system (LTCRS) moved northward by 10, 30, 52 and 66 km, respectively. In addition, compared with the period of 1951-1980, the suitable planting area for SRCS was reduced by 11% during the period of 1981-2010. However, the suitable planting areas for other rice cropping systems increased, with the increasing amplitude of 3, 8, and 10% for ETCRS, MTCRS and LTCRS, respectively. In general, the light and temperature potential productivity of rice decreased by 2.5%. Without considering the change of rice cultivars, the northern planting boundaries for different rice cropping systems showed a northward shift tendency. Climate change resulted in decrease of per unit area yield for SRCS and the annual average yields of ETCRS and LTCRS. Nevertheless, the overall rice production in the entire research area showed a decreasing trend even with the increasing trend of annual average yield for MTCRS.

Effects of different polarity solvents on the ultrastructure and chemical composition of cuticular wax in Pingguoli pear as well as their bioactive role against Alternaria alternate were studied and the results showed that the highest wax content was extracted with chloroform, and its wax content was up to 322.2 μg cm-2. Long-chain fatty acids predominated in menthol extracts and n-alkanes were predominant in wax extracted with ether, chloroform and n-hexane. Pingguoli pear fruit surface was covered by a smooth and amorphous wax layer with small, scattered crystal. The morphology of recrystallized wax in vitro after removal with different solvents was not similar to that of the intact fruit surface. Removal of cuticular wax with various solvents significantly enhanced A. alternata infection, except for wax removed by methanol. The solvent extracts of methanol and chloroform stimulated the spore germination and mycelium growth of A. alternata, but the ether and n-hexane extracts showed antifungal activity.

Two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) were used to evaluate the effects of post-anthesis severe water deficit (SD) on starch content and granule size distribution and their relations with ethylene and spermidine (Spd). Comparison to the well-watered (WW) treatment, SD led to lower Spd and higher 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations and ethylene evolution rate (EER) in grains at the critical stage of forming starch granules. Application of Spd or aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) significantly reduced ACC concentration and EER and increased Spd concentration, while ethephon or methylglyoxal-bis (MGBG) had an opposite impact. The volume and surface area distribution of starch granules showed a bimodal curve, while the number distribution exhibited a unimodal curve. SD caused a marked drop in grain weight, grain number and starch content, also led to a significant reduction in the proportion (both by volume and by surface area) of B-type starch granules (<10 μm), with an increase in those of A-type starch granules (>10 μm). Application of Spd or AVG increased the proportion (both by volume and by surface area) of B-type starch granules under SD. Correlation analysis suggested that ethylene and Spd showed an antagonism relation in the formation of B-type granules. These results suggested that it would be good for the formation of B-type starch granules to have the physiological traits of higher Spd and lower ACC concentrations and ethylene emission under SD.

The importance of microRNA (miRNA) at the post-transcriptional regulation level has recently been recognized in both animals and plants. In recent years, many studies focused on miRNA target identification and functional analysis. However, little is known about the transcription and regulation of miRNAs themselves. In this study, the transcription start sites (TSSs) for 11 miRNA primary transcripts of soybean from 11 miRNA loci (of 50 loci tested) were cloned by a 5´ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5´ RACE) procedure using total RNA from 30-d-old seedlings. The features consistent with a RNA polymerase II mechanism of transcription were found among these miRNA loci. A position weight matrix algorithm was used to identify conserved motifs in miRNA core promoter regions. A canonical TATA box motif was identified upstream of the major start site at 8 (76%) of the mapped miRNA loci. Several cis-acting elements were predicted in the 2 kb 5´ to the TSSs. Potential spatial and temporal expression patterns of the miRNAs were found. The target genes for these miRNAs were also predicted and further elucidated for the potential function of the miRNAs. This research provides a molecular basis to explore regulatory mechanisms of miRNA expression, and a way to understand miRNAmediated regulatory pathways and networks in soybean.

The reverse genetics for classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is currently based on the transfection of in vitro transcribed RNA from a viral genomic cDNA clone, which is inefficient and time-consuming. This study was aimed to develop an improved method for rapid recovery of CSFV directly from cloned cDNA. Full-length genomic cDNA from the CSFV Shimen strain, which was flanked by a T7 promoter, the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme and T7 terminator sequences, was cloned into the lowcopy vector pOK12, producing pOKShimen-RzT . Direct transfection of pOKShimen-RzT into PK/T7 cells, a PK-15- derived cell line stably expressing bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase, allowed CSFV to be rescued rapidly and efficiently, i.e., at least 12 h faster and 31.6-fold greater viral titer when compared with the in vitro transcription-based rescue system. Furthermore, the progeny virus rescued from PK/T7 cells was indistinguishable, both in vitro and in vivo, from its parent virus and the virus rescued from classical reverse genetics. The reverse genetics based on intracellular transcription is efficient, convenient and cost-effective. The PK/T7 cell line can be used to rescue CSFV directly from cloned cDNA and it can also be used as an intracellular transcription and expression system for studying the structure and function of viral genes.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in different physiological processes of plants, including programmed cell death (PCD). PCD of tillers plays an important role in surviving which are major components of grain yield. PCD was triggered in wheat leaves of main stem and tillers by NO content under different nitrogen treatments. In wheat, NO could be synthesized endogenously by nitrate reductase (NR). As an inducible enzyme, NR activity was closely related to substrate concentration. Therefore, different nitrogen levels would change NR activity and NO production. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of NR activity, NO production, and the correlation between them on different tillers growth, development, senescence, and kernel protein content under different nitrogen levels. Field-experiments were conducted in 2009-2011 growing seasons, using two wheat cultivars with different spike-types. Results showed that for main stem and primary tillers, NR activity and NO content reached high level at heading stage, while for secondary tiller, the level of NR activity was low, but NO content was high in the present research. The NO synthesis depending on NR activity in wheat leaves was significant in the early growing stage, but the NO synthesis weakened with the progress of growing period. NO was related to the senescence of wheat leaves, but PCD was more sensitive to marked changes of NO content than NO content itself. N application had marked influence on the aging process of primary tiller, while had little influence on that of main stem and secondary tiller. Moreover, N fertilizer application could increase spike rate and protein content of primary tiller by N fertilizer application.

The spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrothermal resources in southern rice production area of China have changed under the background of climate change, and this change would affect the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources during local rice growing period. According to the cropping system subdivision in southern rice production area of China during 1980s, this study used climate data from 254 meteorological stations and phonological data from 168 agricultural observation stations in the south of China, and adopted 6 international evaluation indices about the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of hydrothermal resources during the growing period of single cropping rice system and double cropping rice system for 16 planting zones in the whole study area. The results showed that: in southern rice production area of China, the effectiveness of thermal resources of single cropping rice area (SCRA) was less than that of double cropping rice area (DCRA), whereas the effectiveness of thermal resources of both SARA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend. The index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of SCRA was higher than that of DCRA, nevertheless the index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of both SCRA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend. There was a significant linear relationship between effective thermal resource and water demand, likely water demand increased by 18 mm with every 100°C d increase of effective heat. Effective precipitation satisfaction index (EPSI) showed a negative correlation with effective heat, yet showed a positive correlation with effective precipitation. EPSI reduced by 1% when effective heat resource increased by 125°C d. This study could provide insights for policy makers, land managers or farmers to improve water and heat resource uses and rationally arrange rice production activities under global climate change condition.

The erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) has shown to play an important role in fetal survival by promoting the maturation of red blood cells in many studies of uterine capacity and litter size in swine. In this study, we screened the porcine EPOR gene for mutations and identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): g.705G>T in intron 1, g.2 373C>T in intron 4, and g.2 882C>T, g.3 035A>G, and g.3 132A>T in intron 6. We then genotyped 247 Beijing Black (BB) sows and compared the polymorphism data with the litter sizes of 1 375 parities among the sows. At first parity, there was no association of g.2 882C>T and g.3 132A>T with litter sizes. However, the CT sows in g.2 882C>T had 2.13 higher total number born (TNB) (PT had the highest litter size when compared to the two homozygotes for the later parities (PG SNP,for the later parities, the TNB of the sows with the GG genotype was 3.81 higher (PT SNP was associated with a greater litter size at both the first parity (PT SNP was significantly more common in the more prolific Chinese breeds. These results indicated that the EPOR could be an important candidate gene for litter size and g.705G>T can serve as a useful genetic marker for improving litter size in both first and later parities in swine.

Soybean root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease worldwide. Using genetic resistance is an important and major component in the integrated pest management of this disease. To understand molecular mechanisms of root and stem rot resistance in soybeans, the gene and protein expression in hypocotyls and stems of variety Suinong 10 carrying resistance genes Rps1a and Rps2 was investigated by using mRNA differential display reverse transcription PCR and two-dimensional electrophoresis at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h after inoculation with P. sojae race 1. The results of the comparison of gene and protein expression showed that at least eight differential fragments at the transcriptional level were related to metabolic pathway, phytoalexin, and signal transduction in defense responses.Sequence analyses indicated that these fragments represented cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase gene, ATP β gene coding ATP synthase β subunit and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene which upregulated at 0.5 h post inoculation, blue copper protein gene and UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine gene which upregulated at 2 h post inoculation, TGA-type basic leucine zipper protein TGA1.1 gene, cyclophilin gene, and 14-3-3 protein gene which upregulated at 4 h post inoculation.Three resistance-related proteins, α-subunit and β-subunit of ATP synthase, and cytochrome P450-like protein, were upregulated at 2 h post inoculation. The results suggested that resistance-related multiple proteins and genes were expressed in the recognition between soybean and P. sojae during zoospore germination, penetration and mycelium growth of P. sojae in soybean.