不同类型氮肥对东北春玉米土壤N2O和CO2昼夜排放的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明不同类型氮肥对高纬度春玉米土壤N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放的影响,以期为高纬度地区农田氮肥高效利用管理和温室气体减排提供参考依据。【方法】通过田间微区施用缓释肥（SLN）、尿素添加硝化抑制剂+脲酶抑制剂（NIUI）和普通尿素（OU）试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,分别在苗前（S1）、苗期（S2）、拔节期（S3）、灌浆期（S4）、蜡熟期（S5）和休闲期（S6）6个时期取样测定,比较分析农田N₂O和CO₂的昼夜排放特性。【结果】施用不同类型氮肥,田间N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放均呈单峰变化趋势,S1—S6时期,土壤N₂O排放高峰出现在12：00—19：00,排放低谷出现在下半夜（0：00—6：00）,而S2—S5同一时期白天或夜晚各观测时段之间CO₂排放通量差异不显著。S1和S2时期,N₂O和CO₂白天排放量分别占全天总排放量的56.2%—82.3%和53.6%—66.5%,而S3—S6时期,白天排放比例分别为40.6%—59.6%和43.7%—55.4%。SLN处理减少了S1时期土壤N₂O的全天总排放量,而NIUI处理减少了S1、S2和S5时期土壤N₂O的全天总排放量,其主要减排时段为S1时期的4：00—16：00和S2时期的12：00—22：00,其中S2时期18：00—19：00减排量占所有减排时段总量的57.3%,S5时期昼夜各时段均表现为减排作用,且昼夜减排比例相当;SLN对土壤CO₂的主要减排时段为S1时期的全天和S3时期的15：00—4：00,其中S1时期12：00—23：00减排比例高达76.8%,S3时期夜晚减排比例占所有减排时段总量的68.1%;NIUI处理在玉米生长季5个测定日都表现出对CO₂的减排作用,但昼夜减排比例存在差异,白天平均减排46.9%,最高减排达73.2%。同时发现,N₂O和CO₂排放通量日均值与9：00—10：00观测值存在极显著正相关关系（r_N2O=0.938**,r_CO2=0.977**）,9：00—10：00可作为东北春玉米农田N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放研究的代表性取样时段。【结论】不同类型氮肥对土壤N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放通量的影响在不同时期表现各异。与常规施氮相比,缓释氮肥抑制了玉米苗前期土壤N₂O昼夜排放,减排时段主要在9：00—22：00,而在其他测定日均促进了土壤N₂O昼夜排放;尿素添加硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂抑制了玉米苗前白天、苗期夜晚以及收获期白天和夜晚的土壤N₂O排放,对拔节期至灌浆期土壤N₂O的昼夜排放均表现为促进作用。在苗前测定日全天和拔节期测定日的夜晚,缓释肥对土壤CO₂表现出减排作用;尿素添加硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂降低了6个测定日土壤CO₂的排放。

关键词: 不同氮肥, 春玉米农田, N₂O和CO₂排放通量, 昼夜变化

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on the diurnal variation of N₂O and CO₂ fluxes from spring maize soil at high latitude were explored, in order to provide a reference for nitrogen fertilizer efficient utilization management and greenhouse gas emission reduction in farmland at high latitude. 【Method】 Field micro-plot trials and the static chamber-gas chromatography method were used to investigate the effects of slow release fertilizer (SLN), urea plus nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor (NIUI) and ordinary urea application (OU) on the diurnal variation of N₂O and CO₂ emissions from spring maize fields at high latitudes. The day-night emission characteristics of soil N₂O and CO₂ were compared and analyzed in 6 periods, including pre-emergence stage (S1), seedling stage (S2), jointing stage (S3), filling stage (S4), dough stage (S5), and fallow period (S6). 【Result】 The diurnal variation of N₂O and CO₂ emissions under different nitrogen fertilizers showed a single peak trend. From stage S1 to S6, the peak of N₂O emissions appeared in 13:00-19:00, and the peak valley occurred after midnight (0:00-6:00). However, there was no significant difference in CO₂ fluxes between observation periods during day or night at the same stage from S2 to S5. In stage S1 and S2, the daytime emissions of N₂O and CO₂ accounted for 56.2%-82.3% and 53.6%-66.5% of the total emissions of the whole day, respectively. From stage S3 to S5, the ratio of N₂O and CO₂ emission in the daytime was 40.6%-59.6% and 43.7%-55.4%, respectively. SLN treatment reduced the soil N₂O cumulative emission in stage S1, while NIUI treatment reduced the soil N₂O cumulative emission at stages S1, S2 and S5, and the emission reduction period was mainly from 4:00-16:00 in the daytime of stage S1 and 12:00 to 22:00 of stage S2, among which the emission reduction from 18:00-19:00 during stage S2 accounts for 57.3% of the total emission reduction period. All time periods of day and night showed the effect of emission reduction in stage S5, and the ratio of emission reduction during day and night was almost the same. The main emission reduction periods of SLN for soil CO₂ were the whole day in S1 stage and 15:00-4:00 in S3 stage, among which the emission reduction ratio of 12:00-23:00 during the S1 stage was as high as 76.8%, and the reduction ratio at night during S3 accounted for 68.1% of all emission reduction periods. NIUI treatment showed a reduction effect on CO₂ emission in five monitoring days of growing season of maize, but the ratio of day-night emission reduction was different, with an average reduction of 46.9% during the day and a maximum reduction of 73.2%. It was also found that there was an extremely significant positive correlation between the daily mean of N₂O and CO₂ fluxes, and the observed values of 9:00-10:00 (r_N2O=0.938**, r_CO2=0.977**). Therefore, 9:00-10:00 could be used as the representative sampling period when conducting long-term greenhouse gas emission research in spring maize fields in Northeast China. 【Conclusion】 The diurnal emission fluxes of soil N₂O and CO₂ responded differently to various nitrogen fertilizations at different maize growing stages. Compared with conventional nitrogen application, SLN inhibited the soil N₂O emission before maize seedling in day and night, and the emission reduction period was mainly between 9:00-22:00. SLN promoted the emission of N₂O in day and night in other monitoring days. NIUI inhibited the soil N₂O emission during the daytime before maize seedling, the night at the seedling stage, and the harvest stage day and night, while NIUI promoted the soil N₂O emission from jointing stage to filling stage. In the whole monitoring day before seedling and the night of the monitoring day at jointing stage, SLN had a reduction effect on soil CO₂. NIUI reduced soil CO₂ emissions in six monitoring days.

Key words: different nitrogen fertilizers, spring maize field, N₂O and CO₂ fluxes, day and night emission dynamics

姚凡云,刘志铭,曹玉军,吕艳杰,魏雯雯,吴兴宏,王永军,谢瑞芝. 不同类型氮肥对东北春玉米土壤N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(17): 3680-3690.

YAO FanYun,LIU ZhiMing,CAO YuJun,LÜ YanJie,WEI WenWen,WU XingHong,WANG YongJun,XIE RuiZhi. Diurnal Variation of N₂O and CO₂ Emissions in Spring Maize Fields in Northeast China Under Different Nitrogen Fertilizers[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(17): 3680-3690.

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不同类型氮肥对东北春玉米土壤N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放的影响

Diurnal Variation of N₂O and CO₂ Emissions in Spring Maize Fields in Northeast China Under Different Nitrogen Fertilizers

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