作物硫钙营养研究回顾与展望

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 由于高养分低含硫肥料使用的增加，含硫农药施用减少以及对大气硫排放的控制，我国土壤缺硫呈急剧增长态势，酸性和砂质土壤缺钙以及果树和蔬菜的生理缺钙严重发生，但作物硫、钙营养研究较少。经过全国9家单位长达11年的努力，对作物硫和钙营养理论和应用技术进行全面、系统和深入的研究，取得了一批具有重要学术意义和应用前景的创新成果：（1）阐明了淹水条件下土壤有机硫矿化、硫磺的氧化和外源硫在土壤中的转化与生物有效性机理，发现土壤中存在有机硫与无机硫相互转化的固定-释放机制，水稻根系可促进硫磺氧化，为硫肥高效施用提供科学依据。（2）发现荚果组织钙通过共质体运输，钙只有直接施在苹果幼果表面才能被果实有效吸收，萘乙酸可高效促进果实钙吸收，苹果果肉质膜微囊Ca2+的主动运输是由Ca2+-ATP酶推动。提出了钙养分的非维管束吸收机理和果面营养概念，具有原创性，为作物高效补钙提供了理论基础和技术途径。（3）系统阐明了水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、油菜和蔬菜等作物硫素营养特点，研究提出了水田和旱地土壤的缺硫临界值；系统提出了主要作物硫肥高效施用技术。（4）系统阐明花生、苹果、桃、大白菜和西红柿等作物钙素营养特点，建立了花生钙素营养土壤诊断新方法，系统提出了花生、果树和蔬菜的高效施钙新技术。本文还提出了未来作物硫钙高效施用及其生物学机理的研究重点。

关键词: 作物硫营养 , 作物钙营养 , 硫肥 , 钙肥

Abstract: Soil sulfur deficiency in China increased dramatically in recent years due to the increase of use of high analysis fertilizers with low sulfur content, decrease of use of S-containing pesticides and more recently anti-pollution measures. Calcium deficiency in acidic and sandy soils is extremely serious, and plant physiological disorders in fruits and vegetables associated with calcium deficiency widely occurred even in calcareous soil in North China. However, less attention has been paid to plant nutrients sulfur and calcium. Through 11 years great endeavor by cooperation of national wide nine research units, comprehensive and systematic research in theory and application on plant nutrient sulfur and calcium had been implemented, and a series of innovation achievements with vital academic significance and application prospect were obtained. (1) Mechanism of soil organic sulfur mineralization, elemental sulfur oxidation, transformations of extraneous sulfur sources and bioavailability of these sulfur sources in soils under flooded conditions have been identified. The fixation-release dynamic in the transformation was discovered between organic and inorganic sulfur pool in soils. It was found that paddy rice roots could promote sulfur oxidation, which provides scientific basis for high efficient application of sulfur fertilizers. (2) It was found that Ca2+ enter and move in actual peanut pods tissue through symplast passway with ptasmodesmate. Calcium fertilizer should be applied directly on the surface of young fruits, and the process of translating Ca2+ from fruit surface into pulp tissue could be accelerated by naphthalene acetic acid. Ca2+-ATPase can drive ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in plasma membrane vesicles of apple fruit. Originally proposed the mechanism of calcium absorption through non-bundle tissue and the concept of fruit surface nutrition, which has originality and provides theoretical rationale and technical approach for highly effective application of calcium fertilizer. (3) Systematically expounded sulfur nutrition characteristics of main crops such as paddy rice, wheat, corn, soybean, rape and vegetables, proposed the critical level of available sulfur in paddy fields and the upland soils, and systematically proposed technology for highly efficient application of sulfur fertilizers in main crops. (4) Systematically expounded calcium nutrition characteristics of peanut, apple, peach, Chinese cabbage, tomato etc., and new soil diagnostic method for calcium deficiency in peanut was established. New effective techniques for calcium amendment in peanut, fruits trees and vegetables were systemically developed. This paper also proposed the future research focus on biological mechanisms in highly effective application of sulfur and calcium.

Key words: Plant nutrient sulfur , Plant nutrient calcium , Sulfur fertilizer , Calcium fertilizer

周卫，李书田，林葆. 作物硫钙营养研究回顾与展望[J]. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40(增刊): 3180-3185.

ZHOU Wei, LI Shu-tian, LIN Bao. Research on Plant Nutrient Sulfur and Calcium[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2007, 40(增刊): 3180-3185.

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