糌粑加工过程中稳定同位素指纹分馏效应分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.24.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】系统分析青稞原料、炒制青稞和磨粉糌粑中稳定碳、氮、氢和氧同位素的差异,揭示糌粑加工过程中青稞原料、炒制青稞和磨粉糌粑稳定碳、氮、氢和氧同位素的组成特征及相关性,为青稞及其制品产地溯源提供理论与技术支撑。【方法】2018年从西藏自治区日喀则市糌粑加工作坊分别采集炒制青稞和磨粉糌粑各11份,同时在对应地点采集青稞原料11份;实验室模拟糌粑加工过程的青稞原料和炒制青稞各8份。利用元素分析-同位素比率质谱仪（EA—IRMS）测定青稞原料、炒制青稞和糌粑中的稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素。结合单因素方差分析及LSD或Games-Howell多重比较分析探究稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素在青稞原料、炒制青稞和糌粑间的差异;逐步判别分析区分雅鲁藏布江和年楚河青稞及其制品;独立样本T检验分析水磨和电磨加工糌粑样品稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素差异;配对数据T检验分析模拟试验中青稞原料、炒制青稞样品稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素差异,皮尔逊相关分析解析青稞原料和炒制青稞样品稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素的相关性。【结果】青稞原料、炒制青稞和糌粑间稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素比值无显著差异;稳定氮同位素对不同流域来源青稞判别率为72.7%,稳定氮、氧同位素对不同流域来源炒制青稞判别率为90.9%,糌粑判别率100%;水磨和电磨加工糌粑稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素比值无显著差异;模拟试验中青稞原料与炒制青稞稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素比值无显著差异,青稞原料与炒制青稞间稳定碳、氮同位素存在显著正相关（P＜0.05）。【结论】糌粑稳定碳、氮、氧同位素与炒制青稞稳定碳、氮、氧同位素间分馏效应不显著;青稞及其制品中稳定同位素存在一定地域性;糌粑加工过程中使用电磨或水磨,对糌粑稳定碳、氮、氢、氧同位素值无影响;青稞原料稳定碳、氮同位素反映糌粑稳定碳、氮同位素特征;利用稳定同位素技术可以实现对糌粑的原产地溯源。

关键词: 糌粑, 青稞, 稳定同位素指纹, 溯源性, 分馏, 西藏

Abstract:

【Objective】 Our study mainly analyzed the difference of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes, and revealed the characteristics and correlations of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes in raw highland barley material, highland barley stir-frying, and milling tsamba in tsamba processing, which could provide a theoretical and technical basis for geographical origin traceability of highland barley and its products. 【Method】 We collected 11 samples of both stir-frying highland barley and milling tsamba from Xigaze (Tibet) tsamba processing workshop in 2018, and 11 samples of raw highland barley material were collected simultaneously from corresponding sites; 8 samples of both raw highland barley material and stir-frying highland barley were collected by the simulation of tsamba processing in the laboratory. Stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes were measured by element analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). The one-way analysis of variance was combined with LSD or Games-Howell multiple comparison analysis to analyze the difference of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes from perspectives of raw highland barley material, stir-frying highland barley, and tsamba. Stepwise discriminant analysis was employed to distinguish highland barley and its products from Yarlung Tsangpo River and Nianchu River. We used independent - sample T test to discover the difference of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopic between water milling tsamba and electric grinding tsamba. Paired T test was adopted to analyze the difference of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes in raw highland barley material and stir-frying highland barley samples in the simulation experiment. And Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes in raw highland barley material and stir-frying highland barley. 【Result】 No significant difference was found in stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios among raw highland barley material, stir-frying highland barley, and tsamba. The highland barley discrimination rate of stable nitrogen isotope from different watersheds was 72.7%, and the stir-frying highland barley discriminant rate of stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopes from different watersheds was 90.9%, whereas the tsamba discriminant rate was 100%. No significant difference was found in stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios between water milling tsamba and electric grinding tsamba. In the simulation experiment, there was no difference in stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios between raw highland barley material and stir-frying highland barley, while significant positive correlation was found in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios between raw highland barley materials and stir-frying highland barley (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】 The fractionation effect of the stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopes between stir-frying highland barley and tsamba was not significant. The stable isotopes in highland barley and its products were regional. In the tsamba processing, the use of either electric grinding or water milling had no effect on the stable carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios of tsamba. Simulation of tsamba processing experiment results showed that stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in raw highland barley material could reflect the stable isotopes characteristics of those in tsamba. Therefore, stable isotope technology could be used for realizing the geographical origin traceability of tsamba．

Key words: tsamba, highland barley, stable isotope fingerprint, traceability, fractionation, Tibet

李继荣,张唐伟,次仁德吉,杨小俊,次顿. 糌粑加工过程中稳定同位素指纹分馏效应分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(24): 4592-4602.

JiRong LI,TangWei ZHANG,DeJi CIREN,XiaoJun YANG,Dun CI. Fractionation Effect of Stable Isotopic Ratios in Tsamba Processing[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(24): 4592-4602.

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序号 Numerical order	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude	地点 Site	流域 Drainage basin
1	89.060232	29.697005	南木林县南木林镇嘎布村 Gabu village, Nanmulin Town, Nanmulin County	雅鲁藏布江段 Yarlung Zangbo River
2	89.110252	29.314648	南木林县艾玛乡 Aima Township, Nanmulin County	雅鲁藏布江段 Yarlung Zangbo River
3	89.050487	29.320852	南木林县边雄乡 Bianxiong Township, Nanmulin County	雅鲁藏布江段 Yarlung Zangbo River
4	88.256157	29.43632	谢通门县 Xietongmen County	雅鲁藏布江段 Yarlung Zangbo River
5	88.001253	29.385052	谢通门县彭措林乡 Pengcuolin Township, Xietongmen County	雅鲁藏布江段 Yarlung Zangbo River
6	88.201643	29.421843	谢通门县通门乡通门村 Tongmen village, Tongmen Township, Xietongmen County	雅鲁藏布江段 Yarlung Zangbo River
7	89.275718	29.356535	桑珠孜区江当乡 Jiangdang Township, Sangzhuzi District	年楚河段 Nianchu River
8	89.26492	29.10688	白朗县 Bailang County	年楚河段 Nianchu River
9	89.397047	29.069477	江孜县热索乡 Gesuo Township, Jiangzi County	年楚河段 Nianchu River
10	89.590002	28.928068	江孜县城电厂旁 Beside power plant in Jiangzi County	年楚河段 Nianchu River
11	89.75347	28.84156	江孜县隆王村 Longwang village, Jiangzi County	年楚河段 Nianchu River

材料Material	样本量Sample size	δ¹³C (‰)	δ¹⁵N (‰)	δ¹⁸O (‰)	δD (‰)
青稞Highland barley	11	-24.61 ±0.45a	2.84±1.2a	17.87±3.57a	-176.2±15.67a
炒青稞Stir-frying highland barley	11	-24.71±0.41a	2.92±1.88a	16.63±3.39a	-181.72±12.15a
糌粑Tsamba	11	-24.63±0.47a	2.99±1.62a	18.48±3.14a	-176.52±10.94a

加工方式Processing method	样本量Sample size	δ¹³C (‰)	δ¹⁵N (‰)	δ¹⁸O (‰)	δD (‰)
水磨 Watermill	5	-24.73±0.68a	3.53±1.93a	19.08±3.01a	-175.91±9.86a
电磨 Electric grinder	6	-24.55±0.21a	2.54±1.31a	17.98±3.44a	-177.03±12.69a

材料Material	样本量Sample size	δ¹³C (‰)	δ¹⁵N (‰)	δ¹⁸O (‰)	δD (‰)
青稞原料Highland barley raw material	8	-25.70±0.07a	5.95±1.04a	17.81±0.89a	-174.06±4.81a
炒青稞Stir-frying highland barley	8	-25.71±0.12a	5.64±0.8a	18.15±0.64a	-174.4±3.45a