中国农业科学 ›› 2017, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (23): 4558-4574.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.23.009

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

山地丘陵区耕作田块修筑工程设计参数及田块特征 ——以重庆为例

钟守琴,刘涓,刘卫平,魏朝富   

  1. 西南大学资源环境学院,重庆 400715
  • 收稿日期:2017-03-26 出版日期:2017-12-01 发布日期:2017-12-01
  • 通讯作者: 魏朝富,E-mail:weicf@swu.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:钟守琴,E-mail:zhong.qing.1988@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0800505)

Engineering Design Parameters of Farming Plots Construction and Plot Characteristics in Hilly Area: A Case Study of Chongqing

ZHONG ShouQin, LIU Juan, LIU WeiPing, WEI ChaoFu   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
  • Received:2017-03-26 Online:2017-12-01 Published:2017-12-01

摘要: 【目的】在山地丘陵区,耕作田块修筑工程的参数设计对该区域农业机械化、规模化及产业化发展起着决定性作用。但过去的研究主要集中在工程前后田块特征及土壤特性上,缺乏对其最基本工程设计参数的研究。因此,明确山地丘陵区耕作田块修筑工程参数设计的技术要点对该区域耕地资源的可持续发展有着非常重要的实践指导意义。【方法】以重庆山地丘陵区2010—2015年间实施的28个耕作田块修筑工程区为研究对象,通过开展实地调研,对山地丘陵区耕作田块修筑工程设计参数及其对耕作田块特征的影响进行了研究。【结果】(1)选址方法:地形坡度在25°以上的区域为禁止建设区,地形坡度在25°以下的区域为有条件建设区,其中,15°以下的区域为重点建设区。在地形坡度<6°且集中连片面积在3.33 hm2(50 mu)以上的区域(类型区A)重点布设条田与缓坡地;在扣除类型区A的基础上,地形坡度<15°且集中连片面积在3.33 hm2(50 mu)以上的过渡区域(类型区B),条田、梯田、梯地及缓坡地均可布设;在扣除类型区A和B的基础上,地形坡度<25°且集中连片面积在3.33 hm2(50 mu)以上的区域(类型区C)主要布设梯田与梯地。(2)工程设计参数:条田、梯田、梯地及缓坡地的田块长度宜分别设置为50—200、50—200、30—200及50—300 m;田块宽度宜分别设置为30—100、10—30、5—20及50—100 m;条田与梯田的田面坡度均为0°,梯地与缓坡地的田面坡度宜分别小于10°与6°;条田及缓坡地的田坎一般均可采用夯砌土坎,但如果其土壤特性不能够满足工程施工要求时,亦可采用条石或块石为主材进行修筑。而梯田与梯地则可分别采用浆砌条石与干砌条石,但如果区域内条石匮乏,其运输成本较高的情况下,以满足工程稳定性为前提,亦可采用浆砌块石或夯砌土坎。(3)对田块特征的影响:耕作田块修筑工程打破了原有田坎,将原本分散、细小及不规整的田块进行合并与再规划,最终组合形成面积较大的、形状规整的、分布相对集中的耕作田块。耕作田块修筑工程实施后,田块平均规模从0.23 hm2提升为0.63 hm2,提升了1.79倍;田块形状指数从18.02降低为10.22,降低了7.80;田块密度从7.09个/hm2降低为3.35个/hm2,降低了3.74个/hm2;田块面积的Moran’s I指数从0.1937提升到0.3501,提升了0.1564。【结论】依据地形坡度与最小耕作田块修筑单元,可将山地丘陵区耕作田块修筑工程建设为条田、梯田、梯地及缓坡地4种类型,能够显著地改善山地丘陵区耕地破碎化现状,有效地促进该区域农业机械化、规模化及产业化发展,其工程设计除依据考虑地形、水文及土壤特性外,更应注重就地取材,降低建造成本。

关键词: 山地丘陵区, 耕作田块修筑, 工程设计参数, 田块特征

Abstract: 【Objective】In hilly area, the parameters designing of farming plots construction engineering plays a decisive role in the mechanization, large scale production and industrialization of agriculture. To date, with regard to most studies on the plot characteristics and soil properties, the basic engineering design parameters are often ignored. Thus, it is very necessary to find out technical points of the engineering design parameters of farming plots construction, which can promote sustainable development of cultivated land resources in hilly area.【Method】In this paper, we took 28 farming plots constructed between 2010 and 2015 in hilly areas of Chongqing as the research object, and the engineering design parameters and its effects on the plot characteristics were studied based on the investigation. 【Result】(1) Location selection method: The region where the terrain slope is more than 25° should be regarded as the forbidden construction zone. The region where the terrain slope is less than 25° should be regarded as the conditional construction zone, and the region of 15° is the key construction zone. Strip lands and gentle-slope lands were laid in the areas (called Area A), where the terrain slope was less than 6° and the concentrated area of cultivated land more than 3.33 hm2 (50 mu). On the basis of the deduction Area A, the areas (called Area B) with terrain slope less than 15° and concentrated area of cultivated land more than 3.33 hm2 (50 mu) were mainly suitable to lay strip lands, gentle-slope lands, level terraces and sloping terraces. On the basis of the deduction Area A and Area B, the areas (called Area C) with terrain slope less than 25° and concentrated area of cultivated land more than 3.33 hm2 (50 mu) were mainly suitable to lay level terraces and sloping terraces. (2) Engineering design parameters: The length of strip lands, level terraces, sloping terraces and gentle-slope lands should be set to 50-200, 50-200, 30-200 and 50-300 m, respectively. The width should be set to 30-100, 10-30, 5-20 and 50-100 m, respectively. The slope of strip lands and level terraces should be set to 0°. But for sloping terraces and gentle-slope lands, the slope should be set to less than 10° and 6°, respectively. Ramming ridge was widely used in strip lands and gentle-slope lands construction. But if the soil properties can not meet the requirements of construction, rocks and squared stones can also be used for construction. Cemented squared stones and dry-laid rag were used in level terraces and sloping terraces, respectively. But if the squared stones can not be found around the farming plots, and the transport costs would be too much high, cemented rocks and ramming ridge can also be used for construction. (3) Effects on the plot characteristics: The farming plots construction engineering broke the original ridges of fields, and the scattered, small and irregular plots have been merged and re-planned. Finally, the larger, well-structured, relatively concentrated tillage plots can be formed. After the farming plots construction, the mean plot scale increased from 0.23 hm2 to 0.63 hm2, increased about 1.79 times. The shape index of the plot decreased from 18.02 to 10.22, decreased about 7.80. The density of the plot decreased from 7.09 plots/hm2 to 3.35 plots/hm2, decreased about 3.74 plots/hm2. The Moran’s I index of plots’ area increased from 0.1937 to 0.3501, increased about 0.1564.【Conclusion】According to the terrain slope and the smallest construction unit of farming plots, four types of engineering (strip lands, level terraces, sloping terraces and gentle-slope lands) can be considered to be built in the hilly areas. They can significantly improve the fragmentation of cultivated land, and effectively promote the mechanization, large scale production and industrialization of agriculture. In addition, the engineering design should be based on the consideration of topography, soil properties, especially local materials for reducing construction costs in the hilly areas.

Key words: hilly area, farming plots construction, engineering design parameters, plot characteristics