大喇叭口及灌浆期倒伏对夏玉米产量损失的研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.19.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究不同生育时期和倒伏类型对夏玉米干物质积累、产量及产量构成因素的影响，定量评估倒伏对夏玉米造成的产量损失。【方法】以浚单20为试验材料，开展2个生长季夏玉米倒伏田间控制试验，分别在大喇叭口期和灌浆期进行不同类型人工倒伏模拟。大喇叭口期倒伏处理为：轻度根倒伏（BR1）、重度根倒伏（BR2）、低节位茎倒伏（BSL）和高节位茎倒伏（BSH）；灌浆期倒伏处理分别为：轻度根倒伏（FR1）、重度根倒伏（FR2）、低节位茎倒伏（FSL）和高节位茎倒伏（FSH）。研究倒伏后夏玉米的叶面积指数、干物质量、产量及产量构成因素（穗长、穗粗、秃尖率、穗粒数和百粒重）的变化，计算表征玉米受害程度的相对损失率。【结果】倒伏会显著降低叶面积指数，其中灌浆期茎倒伏损失率最大，成熟期叶面积指数较对照分别降低38.9%（FSL）和50.7%（FSH）。倒伏后地上部干物质积累量减少，除灌浆期轻度根倒伏（FR1）外，其他时期及类型倒伏总干物质积累量均显著降低 (P＜0.05)，其中灌浆期茎倒伏处理干物质积累量降低最显著，乳熟后期总干物质积累量不增反降，分别较对照降低34.9%（FSL）和46.8%（FSH）。同时，倒伏影响干物质在茎、叶和穗中的分配，茎、叶干物质量所占比例增加，穗干物质量比例降低，其中灌浆期茎倒伏茎秆干物质量比例显著增高，较对照提高9.2%（FSL）和3.7%（FSH），穗干物质量显著降低，较对照减少9.9% （FSL）和7.0%（FSH）(P＜0.05)。倒伏使穗变短、变细，秃尖增加。灌浆期倒伏穗长显著缩短，比对照短3—4 cm，穗粗显著降低（P＜0.05），2年试验中除FSL（2012年）处理外，灌浆期倒伏的秃尖率均显著高于对照（P＜0.05），大喇叭口期倒伏秃尖率与对照差异不显著，其中FSH（2011年）处理秃尖率最高，达27.4%。倒伏灾害同时影响穗粒数和百粒重，倒伏后均表现出减少趋势，与产量的相关系数分别为0.729和0.842（P＜0.01）。受2年试验条件差异影响，2011年各倒伏处理的穗粒数显著低于对照，2012年仅灌浆期茎倒伏与对照差异显著。倒伏影响百粒重，其中灌浆期处理最显著（P＜0.05）。穗粒数和百粒重与产量显著相关，相关系数分别为0.729和0.842（P＜0.01）。倒伏显著降低产量，除大喇叭口期轻度根倒伏BR1外，其他倒伏处理的产量均显著低于对照（P＜0.05）。大喇叭口期倒伏BR2、BSL和BSH产量损失率2年平均分别为13.9%、27.9%和27.1%；灌浆期倒伏FR1、FR2、FSL和FSH产量损失率，2 年平均分别为29.0%、38.4%、45.0%和48.3%。【结论】相同倒伏类型，灌浆期倒伏较大喇叭口期倒伏影响更大；在同一生育时期，茎倒伏比根倒伏影响更明显，但茎倒伏高、低节位处理之间产量损失差异不显著。各倒伏处理的产量损失表现为灌浆期茎倒伏最高，大喇叭口期根倒伏最低。

关键词: 根倒伏, 茎倒伏, 产量灾损, 夏玉米

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of lodging on dry matter, yield components and final yield of summer maize, and further to evaluate the yield losses due to different types of lodging at different growing stages. 【Method】The field experiments were conducted during two growing seasons of summer maize with the variety of Xundan 20 from 2011 to 2012 at Zhengzhou Agro-meteorological Experiment Station. The lodging was implemented by kicking down the maize plants artificially at two growing stage, the big flare stage (B) and the grain filling stage (F). And at each stage, the lodging included four types, light lodging of roots (R1, in which the angle between the lodged stem and ground was between 30 and 60 degree), serious lodging of roots (R2, in which the angle between the lodged stem and ground was lower than 30 degree), lower node lodging of stem (SL, in which the bend position was below the third node) and upper node lodging of stem (SH, in which the bend position was above the third node). LAI, dry matter, yield and yield components were measured during experiments, and the relative reduction percentage was calculated which indicating the damage degree.【Result】The results showed that LAI was significantly decreased by lodging. The relative reduction percentage was larger in two treatments of stem lodging at the filling stage, with the value of 38.9% (FSL) and 50.7% (FSH), respectively. The accumulation of aboveground dry matter was significantly reduced after lodging (P＜0.05) in all treatment except FR1, and the reduction percentages were larger in two treatments of stem lodging at the filling stage, with the value of 34.9% (FSL) and 46.8% (FSH), respectively. Lodging also affected the partition of dry matter among leaves, stems and corncobs, with the increased partition to leaves and stems but the decreased partition to corncobs. In two treatments of stem lodging at the filling stage, the weight of leaves and stems was 9.2% (FSL) and 3.7% (FSH) higher than CK, but the weight of corncobs was 9.9% and 7.0% lower than CK. In addition, lodging made the corncobs shorter and thinner, and with longer barren ear tips. The length of corncobs in treatments with lodging at the filling stage was 3 to 4 cm shorter compared to CK. Except for the FSL treatment in 2012, the rate of barren ear tips in treatments with lodging at the filling stage were statistically and significantly higher than CK, but it was not significant with treatment with lodging at the big flare stage. And the rate of barren ear tips was the highest in FSH treatment in 2011, with the percentage of 27.4%. Lodging caused the decrease of both grains per ear and 100-grain weight. Due to the differences of experimental conditions between two years, results were slightly different. In 2011, grains per ear were significantly less than CK in all treatments, but in 2012, they were only significant in the treatments with stem lodging at filling stage. The effects of lodging on 100-grain weight were more significant in treatments with lodging at filling stage. Lodging also significantly decreased the final grain yield. According to the analysis of yield components, the yield reduction by lodging was due to the decreases in both grains per ear and 100-grain weight. And the correlation coefficients of the two components with grain yield were 0.729 and 0.842 (P＜0.01), respectively. Except for BR1, the final yields in all treatments were significantly lower than CK. For the lodging at the big flare stage, the yield loss was 13.9%, 27.9% and 27.1% in the treatments of BR2, BSL and BSH, respectively. For the lodging at the grain filling stage, the yield loss was 29.0%, 38.4%, 45.0% and 48.3%, respectively.【Conclusion】Comprehensively, compared between growing stages with the same lodging type, lodging at grain filling stage had more negative effects than that at big flare stage. While compared between lodging types at the same stage, stem lodging had more significant effects than root lodging. There was no obvious difference between treatments with lodging at high node and low node. For yield loss, it was the largest for stem lodging at grain filling stage, and the lowest for root lodging at big flare stage.

Key words: root lodging, stem lodging, yield loss, summer maize

李树岩，马玮，彭记永，陈忠民. 大喇叭口及灌浆期倒伏对夏玉米产量损失的研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(19): 3952-3964.

LI Shu-yan, MA Wei, PENG Ji-yong, CHEN Zhong-min. Study on Yield Loss of Summer Maize Due to Lodging at the Big Flare Stage and Grain Filling Stage[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(19): 3952-3964.

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