杂草及除草剂Weeds & herbicides

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1. 入侵外来杂草薇甘菊光合途径基因的进化及其昼夜表达模式
WANG Kang-kang, JIN Meng-jiao, LI Jing-jing, REN Ye-song, LI Zai-yuan, REN Xing-hai, HUANG Cong, WAN Fang-hao, QIAN Wan-qiang, LIU Bo
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2024, 23 (2): 590-604.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.011
摘要154)      PDF    收藏

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)是一种快速生长的全球性入侵杂草,广泛分布在热带和亚热带地区。薇甘菊的入侵会对当地自然生态系统造成严重破坏,并对森林和作物生产造成巨大的经济损失。它在光合作用方面具有优势,其净光合速率与C4植物相近,固碳能力较高。研究表明薇甘菊的光合能力是其快速生长和快速殖民新栖息地的重要原因之一。然而,目前尚没有研究揭示薇甘菊光合作用的进化机制和昼夜规律。本研究采用基因组学和转录组学相结合的方法,揭示了薇甘菊光合作用的进化机制和昼夜表达模式。结果显示,在薇甘菊中有16个正选择基因,主要集中于光反应和光同化物的利用两个过程中,并且叶绿素a/b结合蛋白、苹果酸脱氢酶、丙酮酸正磷酸二激酶和苹果酸酶家族的基因数量与C4植物(高粱或玉米)相似,显著高于其他植物。在不同组织中,98.1%与光反应相关的基因在茎中具有较高表达,C4循环相关的基因中有一半以上在茎中高于叶中的表达。气孔开闭过程中,2个碳酸酐酶基因在18:00的表达量高于8:00SLAC1HT1基因在18:00表达量最低。此外,与光合作用相关的基因在7:0017:00表达量较高。因此我们推测,薇甘菊能够在茎和花器官中进行光合作用,并且叶片的一些气孔在夜间能够通过CO2信号打开。此外,它的进化可能会减弱高光强时的光抑制,并在低光强时提高光合作用的效率。组织特异性光合类型和光合相关基因的不同昼夜模式可能有助于薇甘菊在新栖息地的快速定植。薇甘菊可能通过这些变化增加了它的种间优势和侵袭性。本文的研究结果为了解薇甘菊的光合作用机制及其控制和生物利用度提供了有价值的信息。

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2. 异型莎草AHAS不同位点发生突变对其功能的影响
Xiaotong Guo, Xiangju Li, Zheng Li, Licun Peng, Jingchao Chen, Haiyan Yu, Hailan Cui
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2024, 23 (1): 177-186.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.009
摘要190)      PDF    收藏

异型莎草(Cyperus difformis L.)是莎草科莎草属一年生杂草,主要危害水稻田从上世纪90年代开始,吡嘧磺隆用于防除水稻田杂草,属于乙酰羟酸合成酶(acetohydroxyacid synthaseAHAS)抑制剂中的磺酰脲类除草剂。近年来,这类除草剂连年施用引起杂草抗性问题愈发严重,其中包括异型莎草,而靶标突变是导致异型莎草对AHAS抑制剂产生抗性的主要原因。本研究以异型莎草Pro197ArgPro197SerPro197LeuAsp376GluTrp574Leu 5AHAS突变型和1种野生型为研究对象,通过整株生物测定、AHAS离体活性、AHAS与底物亲和力及AHAS对支链氨基酸反馈抑制敏感性的测定,明确AHAS不同位点发生突变时,对吡嘧磺隆敏感性及酶功能的影响。主要研究结果为:(1)通过整株生物测定明确了不同突变型对吡嘧磺隆的抗性水平不同,其中,Trp574Leu突变型对吡嘧磺隆的抗性水平最高。(2)离体AHAS活性测定表明,突变明显降低了AHAS对吡嘧磺隆的敏感性,野生型及Asp376GluPro197LeuPro197ArgPro197SerTrp574Leu 5种突变型AHASI50分别为0.043.9811.540.3838.19311.43 μmol L-1,其中Trp574Leu突变型对吡嘧磺隆的敏感性最低。(3)测定了不同突变型AHAS的动力学参数,结果显示,与野生型AHAS相比,Asp376GluPro197LeuTrp574LeuPro197Ser突变型的Km值显著下降,表明其与底物的亲和力增加,而Pro197Arg突变型的Km值上升,表明其与底物的亲和力下降;Asp376GluPro197SerPro197ArgTrp574Leu的最大反应速率Vmax与野生型AHAS相比显著增加,但Pro197Leu突变型的Vmax没有显著变化。(4)支链氨基酸对不同突变型AHAS活性的反馈抑制结果表明,与敏感型AHAS相比,Pro197Arg突变型AHAS活性受到更强的抑制,而Asp376GluPro197LeuTrp574LeuPro197Ser突变型AHAS活性受到的抑制作用小。

综上,本文通过AHAS催化活性、动力学及反馈抑制调节的研究,明确了异型莎草AHAS在不同位点发生突变对其功能的影响。

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3. JIA-2021-1961 中国杂草稻的发生模式及形态多态性
WANG Hao-quan, DAI Wei-min, ZHANG Zi-xu, LI Meng-shuo, MENG Ling-chao, ZHANG Zheng, LU Huan, SONG Xiao-ling, QIANG Sheng
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2023, 22 (1): 149-169.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.001
摘要303)      PDF    收藏

水稻是中国主要粮食作物之一,世界性三大稻田恶性杂草之一的杂草稻对中国水稻生产的危害时有报道。然而,由于缺乏系统的调查研究,中国杂草稻的总体发生情况和形态类型的分布模式仍不清晰。为了揭示中国杂草稻的发生与危害情况,自2009年至2016年采用七级目测法对中国六个稻作区的999个稻田样点进行了田间调查。结果表明387个样点中有杂草稻发生,杂草稻整体发生率约为39%。杂草稻综合草害指数在50%以上的样点主要从江苏、黑龙江、宁夏和广东辐射到华东、东北、西北和华南稻作区。通过2017年和2019年的同质园试验对调查过程中采集的287个杂草稻种群的45个形态特征进行了多元分析。结果表明中国杂草稻存在丰富的形态学变异度和多样性,形态学特征与原生境的经度、纬度、海拔、气温日较差、气温年较差、生育期的最低温、最高温、降雨量等地理气候因子具有显著的相关性基于45个形态学性状的聚类分析将287个中国杂草稻种群分为三组:第一组为多分蘖强生长势型杂草稻,籼型,主要分布于江苏;第二组为大叶片型杂草稻,以籼型为主,生长势强,粒型优势弱于第三类杂草稻但强于第一组杂草稻,主要分布在我国的华东、华南、西南地区以及华中南部地区;第三组为大籽粒弱生长势杂草稻,以粳型为主,主要分布在我国东北、华北、西北等北方地区。三组杂草稻多数无芒且具有黄色颖壳和红色果皮,多个叶型、株型等相关的营养性状以及产量、籽粒形态、穗型相关的生殖性状均存在着显著差异。综上,部分中国稻田已被杂草稻严重侵染,中国杂草稻具有地理、气候和栽培稻类型依赖的形态生物型分化。这暗示了我们需要重视杂草稻对水稻生产的危害,需采取综合防治策略来防控杂草稻。

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4. 植物源桥氧三尖杉碱对反枝苋的除草活性及生理生化特性的影响
YU Hua-long, TIAN Ci, SHEN Rong-yan, ZHAO Han, YANG Juan, DONG Jin-gao, ZHANG Li-hui, MA Shu-jie
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2023, 22 (5): 1434-1444.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.120
摘要686)      PDF    收藏

植物源除草剂是新农药研究和开发的热点之一。桥氧三尖杉碱是从我国特有植物中国粗榧中分离鉴定的除草活性化合物,本研究测定了其对反枝苋种子萌发、幼苗生长、形态结构及生理生化特性的影响,以期为深入研究其作用机制及进一步开发利用奠定基础。生物活性测定结果显示,桥氧三尖杉碱对反枝苋种子萌发和幼苗生长均具有显著的抑制作用,对其幼根的抑制中浓度(IC50)为38.99 mg L−1;盆栽试验显示,在4 g/L浓度下,对反枝苋的苗前鲜重抑制率在85%以上。桥氧三尖杉碱处理反枝苋后的α-淀粉酶活性基因表达受剂量依赖性抑制可溶性糖含量显著低于对照,总淀粉含量显著高于对照,说明抑制α-淀粉酶活性是桥氧三尖杉碱影响反枝苋种子萌发的主要机制之一显微观察显示,经桥氧三尖杉碱处理后的反枝苋根毛数量明显减少,部分根冠脱落;超微结构观察显示,处理12 h后,根尖细胞排列紊乱,细胞结构受损,且随着处理时间的延长而加重。同时,桥氧三尖杉碱也增加了反枝苋幼苗的相对电导率,具有剂量和时间依赖性;丙二醛含量也随着处理浓度的增加而增加;过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于对照。处理3 h后,桥氧三尖杉碱对反枝苋根尖过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性显著升高,丙二醛含量在处理24 h后也发生改变。以上结果表明,桥氧三尖杉碱主要通过影响反枝苋防御酶系导致根尖结构受损,进而影响幼苗的生长发育。本研究首次报道了桥氧三尖杉碱对反枝苋生理生化指标及根尖形态结构的影响,可为该潜在新型植物源除草剂的进一步开发利用奠定基础。

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5. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the transcription factors involved in regulating the expression of EPSPS gene, which confers glyphosate resistance of goosegrass (Eleusine indica)
ZHANG Chun, YU Chao-jie, ZHANG Tai-jie, GUO Wen-lei, TIAN Xing-shan
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2021, 20 (8): 2180-2194.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63682-1
摘要169)      PDF    收藏

草甘膦靶标酶是5-烯醇式丙酮酸莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶(EPSPS),EPSPS基因的过表达是杂草抗草甘膦的分子机制之一。比较抗型和敏感型牛筋草中EPSPS基因调控序列,发现抗型牛筋草EPSPS基因5’端非翻译区5’-UTR Py-rich stretch元件发生突变,且该突变与提高抗草甘膦牛筋草EPSPS基因转录水平相关。然而,与该元件及整个EPSPS基因启动子序列结合的关键转录因子尚未可知。为进一步探究抗草甘膦牛筋草中EPSPS基因的转录调控机制,本研究利用RNA-seq技术分析了抗草甘膦牛筋草EPSPS过表达相关的基因调控网络,筛选出相关转录因子;通过酵母单杂交技术体外验证相关转录因子与5’-UTR Py-rich stretch元件的结合情况。转录本差异表达分析显示,与草甘膦敏感型(GS)牛筋草相比,抗草甘膦牛筋草在草甘膦处理后有2752个unigenes的表达增加,4025个unigenes的表达减少。其中,鉴定出1373个unigenes与EPSPS基因共表达。GO和KEGG通路分析表明,上调的unigenes主要富集于叶绿体,并与莽草酸生物合成通路、叶绿素II和过氧化物酶体代谢过程相关。值得注意的是,催化莽草酸转化为莽草酸3-磷酸(S3P, EPSPS的底物)的莽草酸激酶的表达也上调。筛选到8个转录因子可能参与EPSPS表达,其中预测三个转录因子(ARF2, ARF8和BPC6)能与5 ' utr Py-rich元件结合。酵母单杂交实验表明ARF8和BPC6能与野生型5’-UTR Py-rich stretch元件结合,但不再能与其突变体结合。本研究数据表明,与草甘膦敏感型牛筋草相比,抗草甘膦牛筋草中EPSPS的表达转录调控机制发生了显著的变化。首次筛选分析出与EPSPS基因表达调控相关的转录因子,可为进一步研究基于EPSPS过表达的牛筋草抗草甘膦机理提供了新的参考。


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6. Beneficial rhizobacterium provides positive plant–soil feedback effects to Ageratina adenophora
SUN Yuan-yuan, ZHANG Qiu-xin, ZHAO Yun-peng, DIAO Yue-hui, GUI Fu-rong, YANG Guo-qing
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2021, 20 (5): 1327-1335.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63234-8
摘要123)      PDF    收藏

根际微生物群落在促进或抑制外来物种的建立中起重要作用。入侵植物与土壤微生物群落(如根际细菌)的相互作用,会导致土壤微生物群落发生变化,因而影响外来植物与本地植物之间的竞争关系。紫茎泽兰是我国一种危害严重的外来入侵杂草。已有研究证实,紫茎泽兰入侵后会影响根际土壤微生物群落结构,并形成对它自身生长的正反馈效应,但这其中的内在机制还有待深入探究。前期调查发现,紫茎泽兰重度入侵地区的根际土壤中一种有益菌蜡样芽孢杆菌的含量明显高于轻度入侵地区的。因此,本研究从促进植物根际有益微生物增长及其反馈效应的角度,拟揭示紫茎泽兰入侵扩张的根际有益菌作用机制。研究比较了紫茎泽兰不同入侵程度土壤中蜡样芽孢杆菌的含量,检测了紫茎泽兰根系分泌物对蜡样芽孢杆菌生长和土壤特性的影响,还对比分析了蜡样芽孢杆菌处理对紫茎泽兰生长的反馈作用。结果表明:蜡样芽孢杆菌的含量随紫茎泽兰入侵程度的加深而明显增加,入侵土壤中的菌含量几乎达到了非入侵土壤的两倍。紫茎泽兰根系分泌物处理其根际土壤后,蜡样芽孢杆菌的含量在1天后随时间延长明显增加,最高达近两倍,且土壤营养成分含量也发生了明显变化,如铵态氮和有效磷含量相比于对照分别增加了41%和27%。土壤中添加蜡样芽孢杆菌不同程度地促进紫茎泽兰根际两种主要化感物质泽兰二酮和羟基泽兰酮的降解,其中泽兰二酮的浓度在处理后的48、72、96 h分别比灭菌土壤中的浓度低338%,356%和723%;并且在该处理的土壤中,紫茎泽兰的发芽率显著提高了50%,根长增加了117%,苗长增加了48%,鲜重增加了81%,而本地其他植物的生长变化不大。这些结果说明蜡样芽孢杆菌对紫茎泽兰生长具有偏利作用,同时可促进化感物质的降解以削弱紫茎泽兰的自毒作用,为根际聚集有益菌介导的外来植物入侵扩张的理论提供了科学依据。


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7. Herbicidal activity of Aureobasidium pullulans PA-2 on weeds and optimization of its solid-state fermentation conditions
GUO Qing-yun, CHENG Liang, ZHU Hai-xia, LI Wei, WEI You-hai, CHEN Hong-yu, GUO Liang-zhi, WENG Hua, WANG Jian
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2020, 19 (1): 173-182.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62738-3
摘要127)      PDF    收藏
Fungal strain PA-2 was isolated from infected poplar leaves from the Ping’an District, Haidong City of Qinghai Province, China.  Based on the culture characteristics and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of its 16S rDNA, the strain was identified as Aureobasidium pullulans.  The culture and metabolites of strain PA-2 showed high herbicidal potential to five tested weeds Galium aparine var. tenerum, Chenopodium album, Malva crispa, Polygonum lapathifolium and Avena fatua.  For the in vitro test, 5 days after the detached leaves were inoculated with PA-2 culture, all leaves infected by the hyphae and became black and rotten.  For the in vivo test, a metabolite filtrate of PA-2 culture was sprayed over the living weed plants, and five days after inoculation, the weed plants became withered and necrotic.  Seven days after inoculation, the fresh weight reductions of G. aparine var. tenerum, C. album, M. crispa, P.?lapathifolium and A.?fatua were 87.25, 78.46, 82.25, 62.11, and 80.27%, respectively.  Galium aparine var. tenerum and M. crispa exhibited significant reductions in fresh weight.  The bio-safety test on the five crops showed no significant plant height reductions, which was also observed for wheat (Triticum aestivum), faba bean (Vicia faba), and barley (Hordeum vulgare).  By contrast, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and pea (Pisum sativum) exhibited light spots but no significant reductions in plant height.  These results indicated that A.?pullulans could be a potential microbial herbicide for the control of the target weeds in crops.  Optimization of the carbon and nitrogen sources for cultural media and substances for solid-state fermentation indicated that PA-2 had better colony growth and spore production with the optimal carbon source of glucose (C4), nitrogen source of soybean flour (N2), and the optimal substance was wheat bran.  The results in this study provide useful information for the development of A.?pulluans PA-2 as an herbicide for bio-control of the weed.
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8. Fitness of F1 hybrids between stacked transgenic rice T1c-19 with cry1C*/bar genes and weedy rice
HUANG Yao, WANG Yuan-yuan, QIANG Sheng, SONG Xiao-ling, DAI Wei-min
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2019, 18 (12): 2793-2805.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62662-6
摘要107)      PDF    收藏
Compared to single-trait transgenic crops, stacked transgenic plants may be more prone to become weedy, and transgene flow from stacked transgenic plants to weedy relatives may pose a potential environmental risk because these hybrids could be more advantageous under specific environmental conditions.  Evaluation of the potential environmental risk caused by stacked transgenes is essential for assessing the environmental consequences caused by crop-weed transgene flow.  The agronomic performance of fitness-related traits was assessed in F1+ (transgene positive) hybrids (using the transgenic line T1c-19 as the paternal parent) in monoculture and mixed planting under presence or absence glufosinate pressure in the presence or absence of natural insect pressure and then compared with the performance of F1– (transgene negative) hybrids (using the non-transgenic line Minghui 63 (MH63) as the paternal parent) and their weedy rice counterparts.  The results demonstrated that compared with the F1– hybrids and weedy rice counterparts, the F1+ hybrid presented higher performance (P<0.05) or non-significant changes (P>0.05) under natural insect pressure, respectively, lower performance (P<0.05) or non-significant changes (P>0.05) in the absence of insect pressure in monoculture planting, respectively.  And compared to weedy rice counterparts, the F1+ hybrid presented higher performance (P<0.05) or non-significant changes (P>0.05) in the presence or absence of insect pressure in mixed planting, respectively.  The F1+ hybrids presented non-significant changes (P>0.05) under the presence or absence glufosinate pressure under insect or non-insect pressure in monoculture planting.  The all F1+ hybrids and two of three F1– hybrids had significantly lower (P<0.05) seed shattering than the weedy rice counterparts.  The potential risk of gene flow from T1c-19 to weedy rice should be prevented due to the greater fitness advantage of F1 hybrids in the majority of cases. 
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9.
Effect of tillage and burial depth and density of seed on viability and seedling emergence of weedy rice
ZHANG Zheng, GAO Ping-lei, DAI Wei-min, SONG Xiao-ling, HU Feng, QIANG Sheng
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2019, 18 (8): 1914-1923.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62583-9
摘要183)      PDF    收藏
Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is one of the three worst paddy weeds in most rice growing areas.  The unexpected heavy infestation is derived from a persistence of soil seed bank of weedy rice, which the shattered seeds chiefly feed back to.  Information on soil seed bank dynamics is imperative to predict the infestation of weeds.  In the present paper, the effect of rotary tillage on weedy rice seed bank structure was studied first, and a burial experiment of marked seeds was conducted to observe the overwintering survival, seed viability and seedling emergence of weedy rice.  The results showed that the proportion of weedy rice seeds in deeper soil increased but seedling emergence decreased with increasing plowing depth.  The viability of weedy rice seeds decreased as the burial duration time extended but more slowly in deeper soil layers.  Additionally, there was no significant effect of burial density on seed viability.  Moreover, the logistic model fitted well (R2≥0.95, P≤0.01) with the depressive trends of seed viability with increasing burial time under all burial depths and densities which can provide us further information about seed survival.  In field experiments, number of seedling emergence significantly decreased as seed burial depth increased, conversely, proportion of seedling emergence increased as seed burial density decreased.  This study has important implications for determining strategies for weedy rice management by exhausting its seed bank through the alteration of tillage practices.
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10. Preparation and characterization of atrazine-loaded biodegradable PLGA nanospheres
CHEN Xiao-ting, Tongxin Wang
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2019, 18 (5): 1035-1041.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62613-4
摘要185)      PDF    收藏
Atrazine is the second mostly used herbicide in USA, but low utilization ratio causes severe environmental problem, so controlled release system is highly needed in order to minimize the negative impact on environment.  In this paper, a herbicide delivery system, atrazine-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by forming an oil-in-water emulsion using the emulsion-solvent evaporation method.  By varying the preparation conditions of PLGA-NPs, such as sonication time, surfactant content, solvent fraction, and polymer content, the particle sizes of the PLGA-NPs were well controlled from 204 to 520 nm.  The morphology and size distribution of PLGA-NPs were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).  Both the encapsulation efficiency and release profile of the herbicide from the PLGA-NPs were typically evaluated by using 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (atrazine, ATZ) as the model.  ATZ encapsulation efficiency within the PLGA-NPs was ranged from 31.6 to 50.5%.  The release profiles of ATZ-loaded PLGA-NPs exhibited a much slower release rate in comparison with that of pure herbicide.  The results demonstrated that the prepared PLGA-NPs had a high encapsulation efficiency and slow release rate, which could be used as a promising herbicide release system in agriculture to diminish the impact on the environment and minimize the potential harm to the farmers. 
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11. Weed growth, herbicide efficacy, and rice productivity in dry seeded paddy field under different wheat stubble management methods
Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq, Abdul Khaliq, Qiang Sheng, Amar Matloob, Saddam Hussain, Saba Fatima, Zeshan Aslam
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2019, 18 (4): 907-926.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62004-0
摘要268)      PDF(pc) (1875KB)(249)    收藏
To ascertain the influence of wheat stubble management options and chemical weed control methods on weed growth and productivity of dry direct-seeded fine rice, a two years’ field study was undertaken at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2013 and 2014.  Different wheat stubble management methods, viz., incorporation, burning and retention were executed during seed-bed preparation.  While, herbicide treatments comprised of a weed check, weed free, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl, and bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl.  Results revealed that weed control efficacy of both herbicide treatments ranged from 84 to 94%.  Herbicide treatments significantly reduced weed density (88–90%) and dry weight (86–88%), while improved the rice growth attributes compared with weed check.  Application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention recorded 226 and 273% increase in kernel yield over weedy check in 2013 and 2014, respectively.  In stubble incorporation, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl was more effective in increasing (256–293%) rice yields over weedy check.  Among different treatment combinations, the maximum net benefits (1 397.49–1 472.22 USD ha–1), net returns (636–700 USD ha–1), benefit cost ratio (1.77–1.83) and marginal rate of return (2 187–2 330%) were recorded with the application of bispyribac sodium followed by fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention.  In crux, application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention is efficient approach to control weeds, and get maximum rice productivity and net economic returns under dry seeded system.
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12. An investigation of weed seed banks reveals similar potential weed community diversity among three different farmland types in Anhui Province, China
HE Yun-he, GAO Ping-lei, QIANG Sheng
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2019, 18 (4): 927-937.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62073-8
摘要319)      PDF(pc) (1086KB)(569)    收藏
Crop type is one of main factors influencing weed community structure.  However, the identity of weed communities associated with the cultivation of different crops in farmlands remains largely unclear.  A field survey of weed seed banks was conducted in 2 280 fields at 228 sites of 62 locations representing three different types of farmland (95 paddy, 73 summer-ripe, and 60 autumn-ripe farmlands) along the bank of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, China.  A total of 43 families and 174 species of weeds were found in these weed seed banks.  A comparison of the composition of weed groups in the seed banks showed that the species number and density percentage of grass, sedge and broadleaf weed groups were similar among the different types of farmland.  The seed banks of all three farmland types shared 71 common weed species, accounting for 40.80% of the total number of species.  These common weeds, which were both associated and not associated with crops, accounted for 91.71% of the total dominance degree among all farmland types.  The crop-associated weed species were distributed in all soil layers of each farmland type.  The Shannon-Wiener index (description of species diversity which is more sensitive to dense species) and Pielou’s evenness index J (description of species evenness) in summer-ripe farmland were similar to those in autumn-ripe farmland but differed from those in paddy farmland.  However, the Simpson’s index D (description of species diversity which is more sensitive to sparse species) was similar among all three farmland types.  The results of similarity comparison indicated that although the aboveground weed community differed among the different cropping patterns, the weed species composition in the soil seed bank was still similar.  Consequently, our results demonstrate that after the implementation of long-term monoculture patterns, weed species compositions in the soil seed bank in different farmlands become homogenized regardless of the crop type. 
 
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