由核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)引起的菌核病是一种毁灭性的土传大豆病害，会造成巨大的产量损失。我们以前报道过变栖克雷伯氏菌FH-1可以降解莠去津除草剂，并且可以增加莠去津敏感作物(如大豆)的营养生长。我们发现FH-1可以促进大豆生长并诱导对菌核病菌的抗性，为了证明FH-1对大豆菌核病菌的生防机制并评价其生防能力，我们在体外培养基试验中证明菌株FH-1可以固定培养基中的氮，溶解无机磷和钾，并产生吲哚乙酸和铁载体，具有促进植物生长的潜力。盆栽试验结果表明，变栖克雷伯氏菌FH-1能促进大豆植株发育，显著提高株高、鲜重和根长，并诱导大豆叶片对菌核病的抗性。用菌株FH-1治疗的疾病进展曲线下面积(AUDPC)显著低于对照，并且在48小时内减少了高达42.2%。(P < 0.001)。此外，紫外分光光度计法测量结果表明菌株FH-1可以增强参与大豆植物防御的过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和多酚氧化酶的酶活性，并减少了叶片中丙二醛的积累。定量实时PCR检测了可能参与大豆抵抗核盘菌胁迫的相关基因的转录水平，结果表明诱导抗性的机制似乎主要是由于变栖克雷伯氏菌FH-1诱导PR10、PR12、AOS、CHS和PDF1.2基因转录水平的提高。利用结晶紫染色法测定了菌株FH-1具有生物膜形成能力，用共聚焦荧光显微镜和扫描电镜观测菌株FH-1在大豆根上的定殖情况，菌株FH-1可以定殖在大豆根表面、根毛和外皮层上形成生物膜。综上所述，变栖克雷伯氏菌FH-1在大豆根部的定殖有助于诱导参与植物保护的防御酶和相关防御基因的表达，诱导大豆对菌核病菌的抗性表现出生物防治潜力。这对大豆的种植和生长具有重要意义。此外，本研究有助于理解变种芽胞杆菌FH-1、大豆植株和核盘菌之间相互作用的有价值的第一步，这为绿色防控提供了新的思路。

3',5'-环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）是一种重要的代谢产物，特别在枣中高效积累。然而，cAMP在枣细胞中的功能尚未得到系统研究。因此，我们通过枣细胞悬浮系的建立、原生质体分离及荧光强度分析研究了cAMP与钙离子信号的关系。首先，外源cAMP处理可以促进枣的生长和内源cAMP的积累。通过对过表达腺苷酸环化酶（ZjAC）的转基因拟南芥转录组分析鉴定出60个与钙离子信号相关的差异表达基因（DEG），发现这些基因参与钙离子信号转导及细胞间/内的反应。另外，外源cAMP和钙离子促进剂A23187等药物处理可以诱导枣细胞中ZjAC的表达、cAMP的积累及钙离子向细胞质中的流入，而钙离子螯合剂EGTA或腺苷酸环化酶抑制剂bithionol处理抑制了这种增加。此外，外源cAMP处理可以激活钙离子通道及相关下游基因，如ZjCNGC2和ZjMAPK2、ZjMAPKK2、ZjMAPKK4。总之，该研究结果表明cAMP的合成依赖于钙离子信号内流，钙离子信号和cAMP之间的级联放大效应参与细胞内信号转导从而促进枣的生长发育。

本研究以来源于辽宁、吉林和黑龙江三个省份的200个粳稻品种为实验材料，对碾磨和外观品质相关的性状进行考察。材料的系谱分析和遗传多样性分析结果表明，来自吉林省的品种遗传多样性最高。稻米品质的评价结果表明，来自辽宁省的品种具较好的碾磨品质，而来自黑龙江的品种具较好的外观品质。本研究同时用单位点和多位点的全基因组关联分析（GWAS）对碾磨和外观品质相关的基因位点进行计算，结果共检测到99个显著的SNP位点。其中，共3个SNP位点同时在混合线性模型（MLM）、mrMLM和FASTmrMLM这3种计算模型中检测到，进一步利用连锁不平衡分析获得对应的3个候选区域（qBRR-1、qBRR-9和qDEC-3），以便于后续的候选基因分析。由于候选区域内的候选基因超过300个，研究还结合基因GO分析以鉴定潜在的候选基因。此外，候选区域的遗传多样性分析结果表明，qBRR-9很可能在东北粳稻的育种过程中受到了较强的选择。这些结果为水稻育种和品质改良提供了具有参考意义的信息。

鲜食葡萄果实在采后衰老过程中代谢物会发生一系列变化。本研究的目的是利用基于UPLC-MS/MS的广泛靶向代谢组技术分析鲜食葡萄红地球在不同的衰老阶段代谢物差异。结果显示共鉴定出135种差异代谢物。在采后衰老过程中，大部分差异类黄酮（如花葵素3-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素3-O-葡萄糖苷和花青素3-O-葡萄糖苷）和L-天冬氨酸含量下降，而酚酸（如反式4-羟基肉桂酸甲酯）和泛醇含量升高。在衰老的前期，大部分差异脂质（尤其是溶血蛋白），核苷酸及其衍生物（如尿苷）的水平降低，但是在衰老后期这些代谢物的含量又升高。基于此，这些结果将为合理控制鲜食葡萄果实的采后衰老过程提供了指导，为进一步研究采后葡萄的衰老机制奠定坚实的基础。

The objective of the present investigation was to estimate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) in pigs in China. A total of 372 tissues or serum samples collected from pigs distributed in 9 provinces/ municipalities of China during the period from February 2011 to November 2012 were assayed for T. gondii antigens and antibodies using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, while the PCR was designed for the detection of the PRRSV, CSFV and PCV-2, respectively. The total positive rate of T. gondii, PRSSV, CSFV and PCV-2 was 9.14% (34/372), 50.00% (186/372), 37.10% (138/372) and 3.23% (12/372), respectively. Among the 34 T. gondii positive samples, 26 samples were simultaneously infected with T. gondii and viruses, while the remaining eight samples were infected with T. gondii alone. In addition, the co-infection rate of T. gondii with PRSSV, T. gondii with PRSSV and CSFV, T. gondii with PRSSV and PCV-2, T. gondii with CSFV and PCV-2, T. gondii with PRSSV, CSFV and PCV-2 was 1.61% (6/372), 4.03% (15/372), 0.27% (1/372), 0.27% (1/372) and 0.81% (3/372), respectively. The results of the present survey revealed that PRRSV and CSFV were the common pathogens co-existing with porcine toxoplasmosis in China, and both of them could increase the chances of T. gondii infection in pig. This is the first report of T. gondii co-infections with viruses in pigs. It is very important to understand the interactions of parasite and virus, and can be used as reference data for the control and prevention of co-infections of T. gondii and viruses in pigs.

In this study, four strains of Toxoplasma gondii with the same genetic type (Type I) originated from chicken, human, cat and swine were used to compare the immune responses in resistant chicken host to investigate the relationships between the parasite origins and the pathogenicity in certain host. A total of 300, 10-day-old chickens were allocated randomly into five groups which named JS (from chicken), CAT (from cat), CN (from swine), RH (from human) and a negative control group (–Ve) with 60 birds in each group. Tachyzoites of four different T. gondii strains (JS, CAT, CN and RH) were inoculated intraperitoneally with the dose of 1×107 in the four designed groups, respectively. The negative control (–Ve) group was mockly inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) alone. Blood and spleen samples were obtained on the day of inoculation (day 0) and at days 4, 11, 25, 39 and 53 post-infection to screen the immunopathological changes. The results demonstrated some different immune characters of T. gondii infected chickens with that of mice or swine previous reported. These differences included up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules in the early stage of infection, early peak expressions of interleukin (IL)-12 (IL-12) and -10 (IL-10) and long keep of IL-17. These might partially contribute to the resistance of chicken to T. gondii infection. Comparisons to chickens infected with strains from human, cat and swine, chickens infected with strain from chicken showed significant high levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-12 and IL-10. It suggested that the strain from chicken had different ability to stimulate cellular immunity in chicken.