发掘稳定的数量性状位点（Quantitative trait loci，QTL），并开发其紧密连锁分子标记，是进一步提高小麦产量的重要途径。本研究以中麦578/济麦22重组自交系（Recombinant inbreed lines，RIL）群体262个家系为材料，通过调查两年五个环境千粒重、粒长、粒宽、平均灌浆速率、穗粒数和株高共六个产量相关性状，利用50K SNP芯片基因型分析数据，构建了含有1501个bin标记的遗传连锁图谱，图谱总长度2384.95 cM。利用完备区间作图法，在1D（2）、2A（9）、2B（6）、2D、3A（2）、3B（2）、4A（5）、4D、5B（8）、5D（2）、7A（7）、7B（3）和7D（5）染色体上共定位到53个产量相关QTL，可解释表型变异的2.7–25.5%，其中23个QTL可在3个以上环境定位到，表现稳定；QKl.caas-2A.1、QKl.caas-7D、QKw.caas-7D、QGfr.caas-2B.1、QGfr.caas-4A、QGfr.caas-7A和QPh.caas-2A.1等7个QTL可能是新的位点。定位到的一因多效QTL共形成六个富集区段（R1–R6），分别包含2–6个QTL，位于2A、2B、4A、5B、7A和7D染色体；TaSus2-2B和WAPO-A1分别是位于2B和7A染色体上一因多效QTL的候选基因。7D染色体上的QTL富集区段内含有4个稳定QTL，分别控制千粒重、粒长、粒宽和株高，利用与其紧密连锁的侧翼标记，开发了KASP标记，在自然群体中对其效应进行了验证。本研究结果为小麦的高产育种和中麦578的进一步改良提供了基因和分子标记。

黄土高原是中国苹果树种植的主要区域，长期以来，缺水和肥料利用效率低下严重制约着当地苹果产业的发展。采用田间试验的方法，于2017和2018年苹果树物候期内，设置3个土壤含水率梯度：90–75%θf（θf为田间持水量）、75–60%θf和60–45%θf；5个施氮水平：0.7、0.6、0.5、0.4和0.3 kg/株，共15个处理。结果表明：在2017和2018年，苹果树叶面积指数（LAI）、产量、水分利用效率（WUE）以及氮肥偏生产力（NPFP）的水氮耦合效应明显，灌水量和施氮量对苹果树LAI、产量、WUE以及NPFP的影响均达到显著水平（P<0.05），而水氮交互作用的影响在2018年达到了显著水平（P<0.05），而在2017年影响不显著。土壤含水率相同时，随着施氮量的增加，WUE先增加后降低，NPFP逐渐下降，而施氮量对苹果树LAI的影响与土壤含水率梯度密切相关。施氮量相同时，随着灌水量的增加，苹果树LAI逐渐增加，WUE和NPFP先增加后减小，而施氮量对苹果树产量的影响与土壤含水率梯度密切相关。通过苹果树水氮效应的二次回归分析表明，苹果树产量，WUE以及NPFP并不能同时达到最大。综合考虑水氮耦合效应对苹果树产量，WUE以及NPFP影响，土壤含水率梯度为75–60%θf和施氮量为0.45 kg/株的组合可作为黄土高原地区苹果树产量、WUE和NPFP综合效益最大化的水氮管理策略。

Development of the new crop cultivars with high yield under low nitrogen (N) input is a fundamental approach to enhance agricultural sustainability, which is dependent on the exploitation of the elite germplasm.  In the present study, four barley genotypes (two Tibetan wild and two cultivated), differing in N use efficiency (NUE), were characterized for their physiological and biochemical responses to different N levels.  Higher N levels significantly increased the contents of other essential nutrients (P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu and Mn), and the increase was more obvious for the N-efficient genotypes (ZD9 and XZ149).  The observation of ultrastructure showed that chloroplast structure was severely damaged under low nitrogen, and the two high N efficient genotypes were relatively less affected.  The activities of the five N metabolism related enzymes, i.e.,  nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) all showed the substantial increase with the increased N level in the culture medium.  However the increased extent differed among the four genotypes, with the two N efficient genotypes showing more increase in comparison with the other two genotypes with relative N inefficiency (HXRL and XZ56).  The current findings showed that a huge difference exists in low N tolerance among barley genotypes, and improvement of some physiological traits (such as enzymes) could be helpful for increasing N utilization efficiency. 

More than 20 years have passed since the first report on successful genetic transformation of wheat. With the establishment and improvement of transformation platform, great progresses have been made on wheat genetic transformation both on its fundamental and applied studies in China, especially driven by the National Major Project for Transgenic Organism Breeding, China, initiated in 2008. In this review, wheat genetic transformation platform improvement and transgenic research progresses including new techniques applied and functional studies of wheat quality, yield and stress tolerant related genes and biosafety assessment are summarized. The existing problems and the trends in wheat transformation with traditional methods combined with genomic studies and genome editing technology are also discussed.