水稻生产对于保障中国的粮食安全至关重要。在中国城镇化进程不断加快背景下，农村劳动力流动对农户水稻种植制度安排的影响受到广泛关注。近年来，中国农村劳动力流动呈现出新的形式，即家庭成年子女进城务工并努力市民化、父代劳动力则返乡务农。这种农村劳动力流动的现象形成了家庭代际劳动分工模式。然而，农民如何调整其水稻种植制度以响应家庭代际分工尚不清晰。本文基于农民购买工伤保险的年龄限制（60岁），即农户非农就业的资格门槛作为家庭代际分工的外生冲击，进而结合模糊断点回归模型和中国中部地区湖北省1752位水稻种植户调查数据展开实证分析。研究结果显示，代际分工家庭更加倾向于选择再生稻种植制度，而对单季稻和双季稻种植制度缺乏偏好。在不同的经营规模和农业社会化服务可得性情景下，家庭代际分工对农户水稻种植制度安排的影响存在异质性。进一步分析表明，代际分工主要通过代际转移，即代际经济转移和隔代照料渠道作用于农户水稻种植制度安排。一方面，父代劳动力通过经济转移以减轻子代劳动力市民化所面临的住房购置压力，这会对促使从事农业的父代劳动力更倾向于选择种植再生稻，以最大化水稻种植的经济收益。另一方面，父代劳动力通过隔代照料的时间转移方式，为子代劳动力增加工作时间创造条件以加速其市民化进程，由此会促使代际分工家庭选择相对节省劳动力的单季稻。本文拓展了中国农村劳动力流动与水稻种植制度关系的研究视角，并为优化水稻种植制度以保障粮食安全提供政策参考。

玉米(Zea Mays L.)-大豆(Glycerine Max L.Merr.)套种提供了一种提高土地生产力的方法。然而，晚播大豆受到玉米遮荫的影响。玉米收获后，恢复生长对叶片和根瘤性状的影响尚不清楚。通过为期3年的田间试验，研究了超结瘤大豆(nts1007)、南豆12(ND12)和桂夏3号(GX3)和不同种植模式：种间距45(I45)、60(I60)、75 cm(I75)和单作大豆(SS)对大豆恢复生长和固氮的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，套作通过降低叶片数量(LN)和小叶面积(LUA)降低了大豆总叶面积(LA)，套作降低根瘤数(NN)和根瘤直径(ND)来降低根瘤干重(NW)。相关分析和主成分分析(PCA)表明，叶片和根瘤性状对大豆基因型和作物种植模式互作的响应具有协变性。在恢复生长阶段，补偿生长促进了套作大豆生长，缩小了套作与单作间叶片和根瘤性状的差距。间作下大豆酰脲(RGR_U)和氮素(RGR_N)积累的相对增长速率高于单作。套作处理的蔗糖和淀粉含量显著高于单作。ND12和GX3在套作中表现出比nts1007更强劲的补偿生长。虽然套作大豆恢复生长改善了生物量和氮素积累，但ND12比GX3获得了更显著的偏土地当量比(pLER)。与其他种植模式相比，I60处理对生物量和氮素积累的补偿作用更强。同时，I60的根瘤蔗糖含量高于单作，地上部酰脲和N的积累量也高于单作。最终，ND12与玉米间作60 cm种间距距有利于实现产量优势和氮素积累。

三黄鸡是中国的优质地方鸡品种，因黄羽、黄爪和黄喙得名。然而，三黄鸡黄胫变“青胫”的异常现象一直是人们关注的问题，它严重降低了黄羽肉鸡的胴体质量和经济效益。在本研究中，首先系统地调查了鸡小腿异常肤色的原因。生理学解剖显示，鸡胫部皮肤异常主要是由于真皮下的黑色素沉积引起的。通过分析遗传（谱系和遗传标记）、环境（水质监测）和饲料成分（真菌毒素检测）等多种潜在原因，发现饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)严重超标，会伴随较高的L-2羟基苯丙氨酸（L-DOPA）（P<0.05）和黑色素含量（P<0.01）。因此推测过量的AFB1可能是导致小腿皮肤异常绿色的主要原因。

随后，进一步的结果表明，与正常的AFB1含量（<10μg kg^-1）相比，高浓度的AFB1（>170μg kg^-1）确实诱导了小腿胫部的异常皮肤颜色，且与黑色素沉积相关的MC1R和EDN3基因显著上调（P<0.01），酪氨酸酶（TyR）的含量和活性也显著增加（P<0.05）。同时，L-DOPA的含量和黑色素沉积也显著增加（P<0.01）。这也证实了过量AFB1对小腿皮肤黑色素沉积的影响。进一步的实验结果表明，AFB1对小腿皮肤黑色素沉积的负面影响可能会持续更长时间，不易消除。总之，本研究的结果解释了鸡小腿中异常AFB1相关青胫的发生及其可能机制。饲粮中过量的AFB1可能通过促进TyR含量和活性以及黑色素合成相关基因的表达，增加了鸡小腿中的L-DOPA含量和黑色素异常沉积。我们的研究结果有助于再次预警肉鸡生产中黄曲霉毒素B1危害。

重组病毒活载体疫苗是一种能够有效激活特异性和非特异性免疫、可多联多价、安全性好的新型疫苗。动物α疱疹病毒拥有较大的基因组，含有多个不影响病毒复制的非必需区，能够插入接受外源基因并表达相应抗原蛋白；同时具有较广泛的宿主谱，能够在宿主体内复制并持续刺激动物产生对抗相应病原的免疫力，是作为重组病毒活载体疫苗的理想载体。随着基因编辑技术的发展，可通过多种方法构建能够表达外源基因的重组病毒。目前以动物α疱疹病毒为载体的重组病毒活载体疫苗研究已经涉及禽类、猪、牛、羊、伴侣动物等，目前成功构建的多株重组动物α疱疹病毒能免疫后可使动物同时获得对多种疾病的免疫。本文总结了重组动物α疱疹病毒构建方法、外源基因的引入和表达以及动物α疱疹病毒活载体疫苗免疫作用三个方面的内容，包括了最新的基因编辑技术、不同的构建策略及其优缺点、外源基因的选择、插入形式和位点等，并介绍了各种动物α疱疹病毒活载体疫苗的最新研究进展，旨在为新型动物α疱疹病毒活载体疫苗的研究和开发提供一定的参考。

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a major crop that provides plant-origin protein and oil for humans and livestock.  Although the soybean vegetative tissues and seeds provide a major source of high-quality protein, they suffer from low concentration of an essential sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine, which significantly limits their nutritional quality.  The level of methionine is mainly controlled by the first unique enzyme of methionine synthesis, cystathione γ-synthase (CGS).  Aiming to elevate methionine level in vegetative tissues and seeds, we constitutively over-expressed a feedback-insensitive
Arabidopsis CGS (AtD-CGS) in soybean cultivars, Zigongdongdou (ZD) and Jilinxiaoli 1 (JX).  The levels of soluble methionine increased remarkably in leaves of transgenic soybeans compared to wild-type plants (6.6- and 7.3-fold in two transgenic ZD lines, and 3.7-fold in one transgenic JX line).  Furthermore, the total methionine contents were significantly increased in seeds of the transgenic ZD lines (1.5- to 4.8-fold increase) and the transgenic JX lines (1.3- to 2.3-fold increase) than in the wild type.  The protein contents of the transgenic soybean seeds were significantly elevated compared to the wild type, suggesting that the scarcity of methionine in soybeans may limit protein accumulation in soybean seeds.  The increased protein content did not alter the profile of major storage proteins in the seeds.  Generally, this study provides a promising strategy to increase the levels of methionine and protein in soybean through the breeding programs.  

   RING is a really interesting new gene which plays important regulatory roles in many developmental processes as well as in plant-environment interactions. In the present report, the ZmRHCP1 gene encoding a putative RING-HC protein was isolated from maize and characterized. The ZmRHCP1 protein contained 310 amino acid residues with a conserved RING-HC zinc-finger motif and two transmembrane (TM) domains. ZmRHCP1 was expressed ubiquitously in various organs (root, stem, leaf, seedling, immature ear, and tassel), but its transcript levels were higher in vegetative organs than in reproductive organs. Moreover, the expression pattern of ZmRHCP1 in brace roots indicated that ZmRHCP1 functions in brace root initiation. In addition, ZmRHCP1 expression was regulated by abiotic stresses. The expression results suggested that ZmRHCP1 plays important roles in brace root development and abiotic stress responses. The findings of the present study provide important information to help us understand the function of ZmRHCP1 in maize.

The assessment of the biomass of energy crops has garnered widespread interest since renewable bioenergy may become a substantial proportion of the future energy supply, and modeling has been widely used for the simulation of energy crops yields.  A literature survey revealed that 23 models have been developed or adapted for simulating the biomass of energy crops, including Miscanthus, switchgrass, maize, poplar, willow, sugarcane, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis.  Three categories (radiation model, water-controlled crop model, and integrated model with biochemical and photosynthesis and respiration approaches) were addressed for the selected models according to different principles or approaches used to simulate biomass production processes.  EPIC, ALMANAC, APSIM, ISAM, MISCANMOD, MISCANFOR, SILVA, DAYCENT, APEX and SWAT are radiation models based on a radiation use efficiency approach (RUE) with few empirical and statistical parameters.  The AquaCrop model is a typical water-crop model that emphasizes crop water use, the expression of canopy cover, and the separation of evapotranspiration to soil evaporation and plant transpiration to drive crop growth.  CANEGRO, 3PG, CropSyst and DSSAT are integrated models that use photosynthesis and respiration approaches.  SECRETS, LPJmL, Agro-BGC, Agro-IBIS, and WIMOVAC/BioCro, DNDC, DRAINMOD-GRASS, and AgTEM are integrated models that use biochemical approaches.  Integrated models are mainly mechanistic models or combined with functional models, which are dynamic with spatial and temporal patterns but with complex parameters and large amounts of input data.  Energy crop models combined with process-based models, such as EPIC in SWAT and CANEGRO in DSSAT, provide good examples that consider the biophysical, socioeconomic, and environmental responses and address the sustainability and socioeconomic goals for energy crops.  The use of models for energy crop productivity is increasing rapidly and encouraging; however, relevant databases, such as climate, land use/land cover, soil, topography, and management databases, are scarce.  Model structure and design assumptions, as well as input parameters and observed data, remain a challenge for model development and validation.  Thus, a comprehensive framework, which includes a high-quality field database and an uncertainty evaluation system, needs to be established for modeling the biomass of energy crops.

A endochitinase gene (Tch) from the fungus Trichoderma viride was introduced into broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Sixty-eight putative transformants were obtained and the presence of the Tch gene was confirmed by both PCR and Southern blot analysis. RT-PCR analysis showed an accumulation of the transcript encoding the endochitinase protein in the transgenic plants. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the expression profiling of endochitinase gene was analyzed. Primary transformants and selfed progeny were examined for expression of the endochitinase using a fluorometric assay and for their resistance to the pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. The endochitinase activities in T0 in vitro plants, T0 mature plants and T1 mature plants were correlated with leaf lesions, and the transgenic line T618 had high endochitinse activities of 102.68, 114.53 and 120.27 nmol L–1 MU min–1 mg–1 protein in the three kinds of plants, respectively. The endochitinase activity showed a positive correlation with the resistance to the pathogens. Most transgenic T0 broccoli had increased resistance to the pathogens of B. cinerea and R. solani in leaf assays and this resistance was confirmed to be inheritable. These findings suggested that expression of the Tch gene from T. viride could enhance resistance to pathogenic fungi in Brassica species.

The objective of this study was to characterize yellow (stripe) rust resistance gene(s) in 52 commercial wheat cultivars from Yunnan Province in China, and to provide information for their rational deployment in field. Seedlings of wheat cultivars were inoculated with 25 differential isolates of Puccinia striiformis from foreign and home to postulate resistance genes to yellow rust, and then validated by pedigree. There were 10 probable resistance genes characterized in these cultivars, in which, Yr9 was most commonly postulated to be present in thirteen cultivars. Yr21, the second, was present in four cultivars. Yr8, the third, were present in three cultivars. Yr6, Yr17 and Yr26, the fourth, was present in two cultivars respectively. The other gene(s) such as, Yr2+YrA, Yr7 and Yr27, were only present in single cultivar(s); unknown gene(s) or gene(s) combination(s) were present in 22 cultivars. One cultivar (Yunmai 42) had no resistance gene tested in this study. Cultivars such as Yunmai 52, Mian 1971-98, Kunmai 4, and Yunmai 56 carried effective genes and can be popularized mainly; Yr9 should be planted with other Yr genes. In the meantime other effective genes should be introduced to realize gene diversity for controlling wheat yellow rust. Yunmai 42 should be reduced to avoid rust breakout. Unknown gene cultivars should be utilized and be researched deeply.