高分子量谷蛋白（HMW-GS）是决定小麦加工品质的关键种子储藏蛋白类型。Dx5+Dy10是公认的优质HMW-GS组合，但Dy10亚基对加工品质的作用尚不清楚。本研究利用一份Dy10缺失突变体（含Dy10-null等位变异）和体外添加Dy10蛋白的方法研究了Dy10亚基的加工品质效应。Dy10-null等位变异可正常转录，但不表达蛋白。构建近等基因系，发现Dy10-null等位变异显著降低面筋指数、Zeleny沉降值、形成时间和稳定时间，弱化面团强度；降低HMW-GS含量，提高醇溶蛋白含量，降低谷醇比，提升饼干品质。体外添加纯化的Dy10蛋白，发现Dy10对饼干品质有负作用。综上，Dy10亚基与小麦面团强度密切相关，Dy10-null等位变异对弱筋小麦育种具有价值。

本研究基于小麦Wheat55K SNP芯片鉴定到两个主效且稳定表达的小穗数QTL。其中，QSns.sau-2SY-2D.1在之前的研究中已经被报道，而本研究中新鉴定到一个QTL（QSns.sau-2SY-7A），我们对其进行了深入分析。QSns.sau-2SY-7A的LOD值较高，介于4.46至16.00之间，解释10.21-40.78％的表型变异。QSns.sau-2SY-7A位于染色体臂7AL上4.75-cM的区间，侧翼标记为AX-110518554和AX-110094527。我们对两个主效QTL的贡献和相互作用进行了深入的分析和讨论。我们进一步开发一个与QSns.sau-2SY-7A紧密连锁的KASP标记，在一个F_2:3群体和一个包含101个小麦高代育种品系的自然群体中对该QTL的效应进行了验证。此外，在QSns.sau-2SY-7A定位区间中，预测到一个水稻中报道的调控小穗数的同源基因WAPO1，结合前人报道，该基因很有可能是该位点的候选基因。综上所述，本研究系统揭示了被广泛用于育种亲本的品系‘20828’的多小穗数遗传基础，并开发获得紧密连锁标记，有助于后续主效QTL的精细定位和育种利用。

本研究利用一个人工合成小麦与普通小麦品种构建的重组自交系，构建了一张包含28个FISH多态性标记和超过150000个单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism，SNP）标记的整合图谱。锚定在整合图谱的28个FISH标记中，20个FISH标记的共分离SNP标记推断的物理位置与原位杂交的物理位置一致。另外8个位置不一致的FISH标记是由亲本含有的易位染色体（1R/1B和1A/7A）或臂内倒位染色体（4A）所导致。9个在于中国春染色体上也具有杂交信号的FISH标记中，8个FISH标记的杂交信号位置与通过参考基因组序列锚定的物理位置一致，表明当前中国春参考基因组对重复序列的组装效果较好。因此，整合图谱对定位重复序列以及提高对基因组重复序列的组装精度方面具有一定利用价值。

下节间直径（UID）是与小麦穗部发育和丰产性相关的重要形态性状。而我们对其遗传基础的了解知之甚少。本文在5个小麦重组自交系（RIL）群体中利用高密度遗传图谱鉴定了控制UID的数量性状位点（QTL）。在5个RIL群体中共检测到25个UID QTL，分别位于1A、1D（3个QTL）、2B（2）、2D（3）、3B、3D、4A、4B（3）、4D、5A（5）、5B（2）、6B、7D染色体上。其中，5个主效且稳定的QTL：QUid.sau-2CN-1D.1、QUid.sau-2SY-1D、QUid.sau-QZ-2D、QUid.sau-SC-3D和QUid.sau-AS-4B分别在5个RIL群体的多个环境中检测到。QUid.sau-2CN-1D、QUid.sau-2SY-1D与QUid.sau-SC-3D 为三个新的UID 位点。我们进一步开发了与主效QTL紧密连锁的竞争性等位基因特异性PCR（KASP）标记，用于构建近等基因系（NILs）。此外，我们还在主效QTL的物理区间内预测了候选基因，这些候选基因大多与植物发育和水分运输有关。以中国春为参考基因组，我们对定位到的主效QTL的物理区间进行了比较，结果表明，QUid.sau-2CN-1D.1和QUid.sau-2SY-1D可能是等位基因，进一步证实了它们的真实性和有效性。本文也对UID与其他农艺性状的相关关系及UID的大小进行了讨论。总体而言，我们的研究结果剖析了小麦UID的潜在遗传基础，为这些QTL的进一步精细定位和图位克隆奠定了基础。

Aegiliops tauschii is classified into two subspecies: Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii and Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata. Novel genetic variations exist in Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii that can be utilized in wheat improvement. We synthesized a hexaploid wheat genotype (SHW-L1) by crossing an Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii accession (AS60) with a tetraploid wheat genotype (AS2255). A population consisting of 171 F8 recombinant inbred lines was developed from SHW-L1 and Chuanmai 32 to identify QTLs associated with agronomic traits. A new genetic map with high density was constructed and used to detect the QTLs for heading date, kernel width, spike length, spikelet number, and thousand kernel weight. A total of 30 putative QTLs were identified for five investigated traits. Thirteen QTLs were located on D genomes of SHW-L1, six of them showed positive effect on agronomic traits. Chromosome region flanked by wPt-6133–wPt-8134 on 2D carried five environment-independent QTLs. Each QTL accounted for more than 10% phenotypic variance. These QTLs were highly consistent across environments and should be used in wheat breeding.

Micronutrient malnutrition affects over three billion people worldwide, especially women and children in developing countries. Increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in the edible portions of crops is an effective resolution to address this issue. To determine the genetic factors controlling micronutrient concentration in wheat, the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium concentrations in two recombinant inbred line populations was performed. In all, 39 QTLs for five micronutrient concentrations were identified in this study. Of these, 22 alleles from synthetic wheat SHW-L1 and seven alleles from the progeny line of the synthetic wheat Chuanmai 42 showed an increase in micronutrient concentrations. Five QTLs on chromosomes 2A, 3D, 4D, and 5B found in both the populations showed significant phenotypic variation for 2-3 micronutrient concentrations. Our results might help understand the genetic control of micronutrient concentration and allow the utilization of genetic resources of synthetic hexaploid wheat for improving micronutrient efficiency of cultivated wheat by using molecular marker-assisted selection.

The Hina gene is one of the two known Hin genes for hardness, and its RNA expression is correlated with grain hardnessand dry matter digestibility variation. In this study, only one clone of Hina gene was obtained from one barley accession.A total of 121 Hina gene sequences were isolated from 121 wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) accessions in Israel, Iran,and Turkey, and then their molecular characteristics were compared with 97 Hina gene sequences from 74 cultivatedbarley (H. vulgare) lines in Europe and 23 landrace (H. vulgare) with global distribution and other 26 Hina gene sequencesfrom cultivated barleys (H. vulgare) with unknown global distribution. Cis-acting regulatory element (CARE) searchingrevealed that there were different types of regulatory element for the Hina gene in wild and landrace/cultivated barleys.There were six consistent cis-acting binding sites in wild and landrace/cultivated barleys, whereas 8 to 16 inconsistentTATA-boxes were observed. In addition, three special elements (E2Fb, Sp1, and boxS) were only observed in wild barley,while one (AT1-motif) was only found in landrace/cultivated barley. Forty-four deduced amino acid sequences of HINAfrom wild and landrace/cultivated barleys were obtained by deleting repetitive amino acid sequences, and they wereclustered into two groups on the basis of Neighbor-Joining analysis. However, there was no obvious difference in theamino acid sequences of HINA between wild and landrace/cultivated barleys. Comparing to protein secondary structureof wheat PINA, it was indicated that HINA also existed a signal peptide. In addition, HINA was a hydrophilic protein onthe basis of the protein properties and composition.