水稻育秧和机插阶段的需要大量劳动力是机插水稻面临的主要难题之一。可通过增加每盘育秧播种量以减少育秧秧盘用量达到节省人工的目的。2021年和2022年使用秸秆基质块为育秧材料，以常规播种量150 g/盘、移栽秧龄20 d为对照（CK），设置播种量250 g/盘、300 g/盘和350 g/盘，移栽秧龄为10 d和15 d的6个处理，对水稻秧苗素质、机插质量和产量及经济效益进行研究。与CK相比水稻秧苗素质受高播种量短秧龄育秧影响较大，但秧苗活力未受显著影响。本实验中，350-10处理每公顷秧盘用量为152-155盘，比CK用量减少62%。提高水稻育秧播种量可减少2.8%-4%的水稻缺穴率。产量及经济效益以300-15处理最佳。

     旱地双轴旋耕法可一次作业完成双轴旋耕秸秆还田、两次镇压和开沟作业，且这一方法在直播稻和小麦上已有初步的研究。然而，旱地双轴旋耕法对机插水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响尚不清楚。为了评估旱地双轴旋耕法在提高机械移栽水稻的粮食安全和减少温室气体排放方面的效果，我们在秸秆还田条件下进行了为期2年的研究。设置了三种耕作方式：旱地双轴旋耕（DBRT）、旱地水田单轴旋耕法（DPURT）和水田单轴旋耕法（PURT）。结果表明，与DPURT和PURT相比，DBRT分别使机插水稻增产7.5-11.0%和13.3-26.7%，而季节性累计CH₄排放量分别减少了13.9-21.2%和30.2-37.0%，N₂O季节性累计排放量分别增加了13.5-28.6%和50.0-73.1%。因此，与DPURT和PURT相比，DBRT 分别使全球变暖潜能值分别降低了10.7-15.5%和23.7-28.6%，并使单位产量的全球增温潜值分别降低了18.2-21.8%和36.4-39.3%。这些结果主要与DBRT显着降低土壤容重和增加土壤Eh有关。因此，在机插稻田实施DBRT是可行的，既有利于提高水稻产量，又可以减少温室气体排放。

在中国东北稻区，肥料氮去向与施氮量间的关系以及残留氮的去向目前仍不清晰。为此本研究田间小区和¹⁵N微区试验，分别设置0、75、105、135和165 kg N/hm²五个施氮水平，对应处理为N0、N75、N105、N135和N165。微区试验在2017年施用¹⁵N标记尿素，2018年施用等量的普通尿素。分析了氨挥发、淋洗、地表径流、水稻产量以及植物和土壤中氮含量和¹⁵N丰度变化情况。结果表明，水稻产量与氮肥施用量呈线性平台关系，最佳施氮量为135 kg N/hm²；水稻氮吸收量随着氮量的增加而增加，差减法氮肥吸收利用率（RE_N）在2017年和2018年平均分别为45.23%和56.98%。2017年施氮量为135 kg N hm²时RE_N最高，2018年RE_N受施氮量影响不大，而氮量超过135 kg N hm²时氮肥农学利用率（AE_N）和氮肥生理利用率（PE_N）显著降低。在中国东北稻区肥料氮氨挥发、淋洗和径流的损失较少。2017年和2018年氨挥发量分别占总施氮量的0.81%和2.99%，氮通过淋洗和径流的损失比例分别为4.45%和不到1.05%，东北稻区表观反硝化损率失约为42.63%。2017年0-40cm土层中残留氮量为18.37-31.81 kg/hm²，残留率为19.28-24.50%。土壤中¹⁵N肥料的残留量随施氮量增加而增加，残留氮主要集中在0-10cm土层中，占总残留氮的58.45-83.54%，并随深度增加而减少，但0-10cm土层残留氮占0-40cm土层残留氮的比例却随施氮量增加而减少。平均约有5.4%的残留氮在下一季被水稻吸收利用，50.2%流失，44.4%继续残留在土壤中，因此在计算施氮量时应考虑残留氮的数量。考虑到水稻产量与氮效率的平衡，本试验中东北稻区适宜施氮量为105-135 kg N/hm²。

基因型填充已成为基因组分析中预处理的关键步骤，其准确性会直接影响下游分析。许多因素都会影响填充的准确性，其中，混合参考群体的填充倍受关注。这项研究旨在：评估填充及其影响因素之间的关系，以确保更高的填充精度；探索在参考群体中包含多个品种（系）是否有利于猪填充的准确性；选择具有良好填充效果的填充软件。在这项研究中，我们使用50K芯片数据，基于单品系（大白A系）和多品种（大白A系，大白B系，杜洛克，长白）参考群体评估了填充精度随验证群体标记密度、参考群体样本量、最小等位基因频率和参考群体组成四种影响因素的变化，并比较了Beagle 4.1、FImpute、IMPUTE2 和MaCH-Admix四种填充软件的填充准确率和运行时间。通过计算填充后SNPs和真实SNPs间的基因型一致率和皮尔森相关性获得填充精度。首先，我们通过随机缺失验证群体中20％、45％、70％、95％和99％的SNPs来模拟低密度芯片，以研究标记密度的影响。然后，我们从原参考群体中随机抽取8、86、173、434和868头猪作为新的参考群体来研究参考群体样本量对填充精度的作用。对于最小等位基因频率，SNPs按等位基因频率被分为7类，分别计算每类SNPs的填充准确性。结果显示，随着验证群体标记密度，参考群体样本量和最小等位基因频率增加，填充准确性增加。当参考群体为与验证群体品系一致的单品系群体时，填充准确性较高，其他品种（系）的添加会导致相对略差的填充结果。此外，随着参考群体中主效品系样本量的增加，填充准确性也会提高。在所有填充情景中，综合考虑填充精度和运行时间，Beagle 4.1和FImpute优于IMPUTE2 和MaCH-Admix。这项工作使从事相关研究的人员能够更直观地了解这些影响因素对填充的影响，并为实际猪育种中实施填充策略提供实践指导。

鸡毒支原体（Mycoplasma gallisepticum，MG）是引起鸡慢性呼吸道病（Chronic respiratory disease，CRD）的病原体，通过自身黏附蛋白吸附于宿主呼吸道上皮细胞，造成炎症损伤。MG 感染率极高，且常与其他病原微生物混合或继发感染，给家禽业造成巨大的经济损失。目前主要使用抗生素防治 MG 的感染，但抗生素的长期使用和滥用，极易引起大量耐药菌株产生，且造成产品中药物残留，严重威胁人类健康。近年来，新兴的中草药(CHM)被用于治疗CRD。中草药具有清热解毒、抗菌、提高机体抵抗力、毒副作用小以及不产生耐药性的独特优势，在临床实践中有很好的疗效。本试验使用的复方中药制剂(CHMF)由黄芩、鱼腥草、甘草等 10 种中草药组成。试验组共分 10 组，分别为：空白对照组，生理盐水对照组，MG感染组，泰妙菌素治疗组，中药预防和治疗高（1 g d^-1）、中（0.75 g d^-1）、低（0.5 g d^-1）剂量组。通过体外抑菌试验和 MG 感染的防治试验确定其防治 CRD 的有效性，并在一定程度上探究其作用机制，为中药复方制剂防治 CRD 提供理论依据。在预防效果方面，CHMF能有效减轻MG引起的体重和饲料系数下降。组织病理学切片结果表明，预防和治疗CHMF均能明显缓解MG感染引起的严重呼吸道炎症。此外，与MG感染组相比，CHMF预防组和治疗组均能有效降低MG粘附蛋白(pMGA1.2)的表达，抑制MG的增殖和黏附，从而有效抑制MG诱导的炎症因子白介素1β (IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)的表达。综上所述，上述结果证实了CHMF能够保护雏鸡免受MG感染引起的组织损伤，且在短期内对雏鸡生产性能无不良影响。并且我们还发现CHMF对MG的疗效与泰妙菌素相当或优于泰妙菌素。综合本研究结果，该复方中药通过直接抑制或杀灭 MG，阻断MG的黏附，能有效缓解由 MG感染引起的生产性能下降，抑制 MG 感染引起的炎症反应。推荐该中药制剂预防和治疗 MG 感染的剂量为 1g d^-1，连用 7d。

Blast resistance and grain quality are major problems in hybrid rice production in China.  In this study, two resistance (R) genes, Pi46 and Pita, along with the gene Wx^b, which mainly affects rice endosperm amylose content (AC), were introgressed into an elite indica restoring line, R8166, which has little blast resistance and poor grain quality through marker-assisted selection (MAS).  Eight improved lines were found to have recurrent genome recovery ratios ranging from 88.68 to 96.23%.  Two improved lines, R163 and R167, were selected for subsequent studies.  R167, which has the highest recovery ratio (96.23%), showed no significant differences in multiple agronomic traits.  In contrast, R163 with the lowest recovery ratio (88.68%) exhibited significant differences in heading date and yield per plant compared with the recurrent parent.  At two developmental stages, R163 and R167 had greatly enhanced resistance to blast over the recurrent parent.  Similar trends were also observed for agronomic traits and blast resistance in R163- and R167-derived hybrids when compared with the counterparts from R8166.  In addition, R163, R167, and their derived hybrids significantly improved the grain quality traits, including amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC), chalky grain rate (CGR), and degree of endosperm chalkiness (DEC).  It confirmed the success of efficiently developing elite restoring lines using MAS in this study.

Ten populations of Radopholus similis from different ornamental hosts were tested for their parasitism and pathogenicity to water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic), malabar spinach (Basella rubra), and squash (Cucurbita moschata) in pots. The results showed all three plants were new hosts of R. similis. Growth parameters of plants inoculated with nematodes were significantly lower than those of healthy control plants. All R. similis populations were pathogenic to the three plants, but pathogenicity differed among populations from different hosts. The same R. similis populations also showed different pathogenic effects in the three different plants. RadN5 population from Anthurium andraeanum had the highest pathogenicity to the three studied plants. RadN1 from A. andraeanum had the lowest pathogenicity to squash and RadN7 from Chrysalidocarpus lutesens had the lowest pathogenicity to water spinach and malabar spinach. R. similis is usually associated with root tissues, but here we report that it could be found to move and feed in the stem bases of all three studied plants. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of DNA markers of the 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA, and mitochondrial DNA gene sequences of ten R. similis populations revealed significant genetic diversity. RadN5 and RadN6 populations from anthurium showed a close genetic relationship and could be distinguished from other populations by PCR-RFLP. At the same time, RadN5 and RadN6 populations were the most pathogenic to three studied plants. These results confirm the existence of large biological variability and molecular diversity among R. similis populations from the same or different hosts, and these characteristics are related to pathogenic variability.

A plot experiment including four treatments, CK (N 105 kg ha-1 as urea, including a basal N application of 35 kg ha-1 and a topdressing N 70 kg ha-1 at turned green stage) and optimized N management (OPT1, OPT2 and OPT3, applied two-thirds, one-third and two-fifths N at jointing stage, respectively, total N 60 kg ha-1), was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen management on growth and N uptake of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), Dongnong 1, which is the first highly cold tolerant winter wheat in China. Index of population quality, N uptake and yield were determined. The ear-bearing tiller rate was increased by above 12%, and the leaf area index, biomass and N uptake were significantly decreased (P<0.05) at jointing stage. OPT treatments increased the grain to leaf area ratio at heading stage, the dry matter weight and N uptake after heading by 14.3-27.9%, 11.6-28.7% and 118.1-161.8 %, respectively. The yield of the OPT treatments was increased by 14.2-37.5% compared with CK, and there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between CK and OPT1 treatments. Harvest index and N partial factor productivity (PFP, kg grain yield per kg N applied) was clearly enhanced from 0.4 and 35.6 kg, respectively for CK to an average of 0.48 (P<0.05) and 77.6 kg (P<0.05) in the OPT treatments. These results indicated that the optimized N management increased the harvest index, yield and N use efficiency by decreasing the N application rate and postponing N application time, improved wheat population quality, controlled excessive growth in the vegetative stages and increased dry matter and N accumulation rates after heading.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of methionine deficiency on cellular immune function by determining morphological and ultrastructural changes of thymus, thymic cell cycle and apoptosis, peripheral blood T-cell subsets, Tcell proliferation function and the serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) contents. 120 1-d-old broilers were randomly divided into two groups (6 replicates in each group and 10 broilers in each replicate) and fed on a control diet or methionine deficient diet for 42 d. Lesions were observed in experiment. Histopathologically, lymphopenia and congestion were observed in the medulla of thymic lobule. Ultrastructurally, there were more apoptosis lymphocytes, and the mitochondria of lymphocytes were swelled in thymus of methionine deficiency. The G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle of the thymus was much higher (P<0.01), and the S, G2+M phases and proliferating index (PI) were lower (P<0.01) in methionine deficiency than in control group. And the percentage of apoptotic cells in the thymus was significantly increased in methionine deficiency (P<0.01). The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was decreased in methionine deficiency compared with control group. Meanwhile, the proliferation function of peripheral blood T-cell was decreased in methionine deficiency. Also, the serum IL-2 contents were decreased in methionine deficiency. It was concluded that methionine deficiency could cause pathological and ultrastructural changes of thymus, reduce the T-cell population, serum IL-2 contents and the proliferation function of Tcells, and induce increased percentage of apoptotic cells. The cellular immune function was finally impaired in broilers.

WRKY transcription factors are involved in the regulation of response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A fulllength cDNA clone of rice WRKY82 gene (OsWRKY82) was isolated from a cDNA library generated from leaves infected by Magnaporthe grisea. OsWRKY82 contained an entire open reading frame in length of 1 701 bp, and was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 566 amino acid residues consisting of two WRKY domains, each with a zinc finger motif of C2H2,belonging to the WRKY subgroup I. OsWRKY82 shared high identity at the amino acid level with those from Sorghum bicolor, Hordeum vulgare, and Zea mays. The transcript level of OsWRKY82 was relatively higher in stems, leaves, and flowers, and less abundant in grains. It was induced by inoculation with M. grisea and Rhizoctonia solani. However, the inducible expression in incompatible rice-M. grisea interactions was earlier and greater than that in compatible interactions.The expression of OsWRKY82 was up-regulated by methyl jasmonate and ethephon, whereas salicylic acid exerted no effects on its expression. Moreover, OsWRKY82 exhibited transcriptional activation ability in yeast. Additionally,OsWRKY82 transcripts could be induced by wounding and heat shocking, but not by abscisic acid, cold, high salinity and dehydration. By contrast, gibberellin suppressed the expression of OsWRKY82. These indicate that OsWRKY82 is a multiply stress-inducible gene responding to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and may be involved in the regulation of defense response to pathogens and tolerance against abiotic stresses by jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent signaling pathway.