收获前穗发芽对小麦的品质和产量产生不利影响。籽粒颜色与小麦穗发芽抗性密切相关。然而，两者的遗传关系尚不清楚。本研究采用90K芯片对168个籽粒颜色和穗发芽抗性差异显著的小麦品种进行基因分型。基于混合线性模型的全基因组关联分析显示，67个SNP标记（分布于29个位点）与籽粒颜色显著关联，其中包括17个潜在的新位点，解释1.1-17.0%的表型变异。另外，100个SNP标记（分布于54个位点）与穗发芽抗性显著关联，其中包括31个潜在的新位点，解释1.1-14.7%的表型变异。随后，对籽粒颜色和穗发芽抗性的共定位位点Qgc.ahau-2B.3/Qphs.ahau-2B.4（2B）和穗发芽抗性位点Qphs.ahau-5B.4（5B）分别开发CAPS标记2B-448和5B-301。利用171份中国微核心种质进一步验证了上述2个CAPS标记与籽粒颜色和穗发芽抗性的相关性。此外，基于小麦公共表达数据库、转录组测序数据以及基因等位变异分析结果，将编码谷氧还蛋白glutaredoxin的TraesCS5B02G545100基因确定为Qphs.ahau-5B.4位点的潜在候选基因。进一步基于TraesCS5B02G545100基因CDS区域的SNP (T/C)变异，本文开发了一个CAPS标记CAPS-356。利用京411/红芒春21重组自交系（RILs）的高密度遗传连锁图谱检测到CAPS-356标记与一个新的穗发芽抗性QTL共定位，进一步支持了TraesCS5B02G545100是Qphs.ahau-5B.4位点的潜在候选基因的假设。本文结果为Qphs.ahau-5B.4的图位克隆和白皮抗穗发芽品种的培育提供了有价值的参考信息。

Ca²⁺离子在维持细胞壁以及细胞膜的完整性中具有重要作用，是植物生长和发育中必不可少的矿质营养元素之一。解析Ca²⁺离子在糖代谢和脂代谢中的作用能够为理解棉花纤维快速伸长阶段细胞膜和细胞壁的动态变化提供有意义的参考。本研究利用胚珠培养系统发现缺Ca²⁺会促进纤维和胚珠细胞的膨大，但同时也会诱导组织的褐化。RNA-seq差异表达基因分析发现缺Ca²⁺使细胞处于一个较高的氧化态，并且激活与糖代谢和脂代谢相关的基因的表达。尤其以糖酵解途径变化最为显著，其代谢途径中的9个酶相关的基因上调表达，缺Ca²⁺处理细胞中的葡萄糖含量显著下降，改变了糖酵解途径的流动。低K⁺能够恢复缺Ca²⁺诱导糖酵解途径相关基因的表达以及葡萄糖的含量。采用电喷雾电离串联质谱技术检测了不同Ca²⁺、K⁺离子处理条件下细胞中脂质组成分的动态变化。缺Ca²⁺处理细胞中自由脂肪酸（FA）、二酰甘油（DAG）和糖脂含量降低，三酰甘油（DAG）磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）、磷脂酰甘油（PG）、磷脂酰胆碱（PC）含量增加。低K⁺与缺Ca²⁺的互作信号能够恢复FA、磷脂、糖脂含量至正常水平，有效缓解缺Ca²⁺效应。本研究通过在转录和代谢水平的比较分析，揭示了Ca²⁺和K⁺信号互作在维持纤维快速伸长过程中糖酵解和脂代谢中发挥着重要作用。

本研究将XANES技术与化学连续浸提法相结合，探究土壤磷的形态和转化。10年的定位试验包括4个处理：100%化肥处理（4CN）、50%猪粪（2CN+2MN）、50%秸秆（2CN+2SN）、50%猪粪配合秸秆替代化肥处理（2CN+2MSN）。与单施化肥相比，有机替代施肥处理提高0−40 cm土层的活性磷含量，增幅为13.7-54.2%，主要组分是MgHPO₄·₃H₂O和CaHPO₄。有机替代施肥处理降低稳定性磷含量，羟基磷灰石（Ca5(PO₄)3OH）是主要组分，其比例随着土壤深度的增加呈增加的趋势。秸秆施用（2CN+2SN和2CN+2MSN处理）提高中等活性磷含量，降低底土（60−100 cm）活性磷的含量。此外，施用秸秆显著降低总磷、可溶性无机磷（DIP）和颗粒磷的淋失量和浓度。可溶性无机磷是磷淋溶流失的主要形态，其与可溶性有机碳和NO₃^--N存在共迁移现象。偏最小二乘路径模型表明，施用秸秆通过增加中等活性磷和降低底土中的活性磷来减少磷的浸出。总体而言，施用秸秆有利于制定可持续的磷管理措施，因为其增加了上层土壤中的活性磷可供植物吸收利用，并减少磷的迁移和淋失。

本研究基于10年（2009-2019）的定位试验，探究有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式对土壤磷库、磷酸酶和微生物活性的影响，并明确调节土壤磷转化特征的因素。4个施肥处理包括：100%化肥（4CN），50%的猪粪（2CN+2MN）、秸秆（2CN+2SN）、猪粪配合秸秆替代化肥（2CN+1MN+1SN）。有机替代处理显著提高芹菜和番茄的产量，较单施化肥处理分别提高6.9-13.8%和8.6-18.1%，其中，2CN+1MN+1SN处理的产量最高。有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式持续10年后，与4CN处理相比，有机替代处理减少总磷和无机磷的累积；显著提高土壤速效磷、有机磷和微生物量磷；促进酸性和碱性磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶、植酸酶和微生物的活性。此外，偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）分析表明，土壤的C/P比显著并直接影响磷酸酶活性和微生物群落结构，进而对蔬菜产量和土壤磷库产生积极的影响。偏最小二乘（PLS）回归表明，丛枝菌根真菌对磷酸酶活性有积极影响。该研究结果表明，有机肥部分替代化肥施肥模式能够提高微生物活性，促进土壤磷的转化和有效性。综合考虑土壤磷库，微生物活动和蔬菜产量，猪粪与秸秆配合施用对于开发可持续的磷管理措施更为有效。

理解土壤有机碳（SOC）的稳定性对于农业生态系统中SOC循环及其动态变化至关重要。已有研究观察到施肥对土体土壤中有机碳稳定性的调节作用。然而，在农业生态系统中，施肥如何改变土壤团聚体中有机碳的稳定性尚不清楚。本研究旨在评估中国天津设施蔬菜施肥8年（化肥vs有机措施）后土壤团聚体中有机碳稳定性的变化。为评估土壤团聚体中有机碳的稳定性变化，本研究采用如下四种方法：改良的Walkley-Black方法（化学方法），¹³C NMR技术（光谱法），胞外酶测定（生物方法）和热重分析法（热力学方法）。通过湿筛方法将土壤分离成四部分：宏团聚体（> 2 mm），大团聚体（0.25–2 mm），微团聚体（0.053–0.25 mm）和粉粘粒（<0.053 mm）。结果表明，与单施化肥模式相比，有机措施可增加土壤团聚体中有机碳含量，并降低有机碳化学、光谱学、热力学和生物学稳定性。在土壤各团聚体中，有机碳含量在微团聚体中最高，其次为宏团聚体和大团聚体，粉粘粒中最低。同时，有机碳光谱学、热力学和生物学稳定性在粉粘粒中最高，其次是宏团聚体和大团聚体，微团聚体内有机碳稳定性最低。此外，由于土壤团聚体内有机碳化学性质与其他稳定性特征之间的相关性较弱，故推断改良的Walkley-Black方法不适用于评价土壤团聚体内有机碳的稳定性。我们的发现可在土壤团聚体水平上，为深入探索中国设施菜田不同施肥模式下有机碳特性的变化提供科学见解。

花生病害严重威胁花生生产，而通过种间杂交创制抗病材料是解决这一问题的有效途径。本研究利用花生栽培品种四粒红与野生种Arachis duranensis杂交，通过胚拯救和组织培养获得了种间杂种F₁幼苗，细胞学和分子标记鉴定表明种间杂种F₁为真杂种。进一步对扩繁F1幼苗进行秋水仙素处理，获得了F₁种子，命名为Am1210。通过寡核苷酸荧光原位杂交鉴定、分子标记鉴定、表型鉴定和网斑病鉴定，我们发现：1）Am1210是Slh和ZW55种间杂交异源六倍体花生；2）蔓生、单粒或二粒荚果和红色种皮等性状相对于直立型、多粒荚果和褐色种皮为显性性状；3）Am1210的网斑病抗性与Slh相比显著提高，表明这种抗性来自于A. duranensis。此外，本研究还开发了69个显性和共显性分子标记，可用于种间杂种鉴定及未来A. duranensis染色体片段易位或渗入系的鉴定。

Agaricus bisporus is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms in the world. Commercial cultivars are usually phenotypically alike and easy to be copied by isolating tissue cultures. This brings great challenges to distinguish different cultivars and to protect new varieties. Thus, techniques for the accurate identification of cultivars are essentially required. In this study, we accurately identified 11 commercial cultivars of A. bisporus released in China by using microsatellite (SSR, simple sequence repeat) markers. SSR markers were developed by mining the genome sequence. A total of 3 134 SSRs were identified, of which 1 490 SSRs were distributed in gene models, and 1 644 in the intergenic regions. A total of 17 polymorphic primer pairs were developed and SSR fingerprints were constructed for all the commercial cultivars. These SSR markers generated a total of 73 alleles, with an average of 4.29 per locus. Specifically, the primer combination of AB_SSR_2341 and AB_SSR_2590 could distinguish all the 11 commercial cultivars. The similarity coefficients of the 11 commercial cultivars were between 0.56 and 0.95 indicating that some of them were close related. Our results provide an efficient technique for the identification of A. bisporus cultivars in China, which can also facilitate the marker-assisted breeding in the future.

H9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are major pathogens circulating in poultry and have resulted in great economic losses due to respiratory disease and reduced egg production. As similar symptoms are elicited by the two pathogens, it is difficult for their differential diagnosis. So far, no reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay has been found to differentiate between H9 AIV and IBV in one reaction. Therefore, developing a sensitive and specific method is of importance to simultaneously detect and differentiate H9 AIV and IBV. In this study, a duplex RT-PCR (dRT-PCR) was established. Two primer sets target the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of H9 AIV and the nucleocapsid (N) gene of IBV, respectively. Specific PCR products were obtained from all tested H9 AIVs and IBVs belonging to the major clades circulating in China, but not from AIVs of other subtypes or other in·fectious avian viruses. The sensitivity of the dRT-PCR assay corresponding to H9 AIV, IBV and mixture of H9 AIV and IBV were at a concentration of 1×10¹, 1.5×10¹ and 1.5×10¹ 50% egg infective doses (EID50) mL^–1, respectively. The concordance rates between the dRT-PCR and virus isolation were 99.1 and 98.2%, respectively, for detection of samples from H9N2 AIV or IBV infected chickens, while the concordance rate was 99.1% for detection of samples from H9N2 AIV and IBV co-infected chickens. Thus, the dRT-PCR assay reported herein is specific and sensitive, and suitable for the differential diagnosis of clinical infections and surveillance of H9 AIVs and IBVs.

    To investigate the genetic diversity of an edible fungus Pleurotus ferulae, a total of 89 wild samples collected from six geographical locations in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China and two geographical locations in Italy, were analyzed using three DNA fragments including the translation elongation factor (EF1α), the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (RPB2) and the largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (RPB1). The results indicated relatively abundant genetic variability in the wild resources of P. ferulae. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the vast majority of the genetic variation was found within geographical populations. Both the Chinese populations and the Italian populations of P. ferulae displayed a limited genetic differentiation. The degree of differentiation between the Chinese populations and the Italian populations was obviously higher than that between the populations from the same region, and moreover the genetic differentiation among all the tested populations was correlated to the geographical distance. The phylogeny analyses confirmed that samples from China and Italy belonged to another genetic group separated from Pleurotus eryngii. They were closely related to each other but were clustered according to their geographical origins, which implied the Chinese populations were highly differentiated from the Italian populations because of distance isolation, and the two populations from different regions might be still in the process of allopatric divergence.

Organic manure application is an important measure for high yield and good quality vegetable production, whereas organic manure is also a main source of residual antibiotic in soils. A 3-yr experiment was conducted on a fluvo-aguic soil in Tianjin of northern China. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different fertilization patterns on yield of six-season vegetables with celery and tomato rotation, and dynamic change of tetracyclines residues in the soil during the sixth growing season (tomato season). The field experiment comprised six treatments depending on the proportion of nitrogen of each type of fertilizer: 4/4 CN (CN, nitrogen in chemical fertilizer), 3/4 CN+1/4 MN (MN, nitrogen in pig manure), 2/4 CN+2/4 MN, 1/4 CN+3/4 MN, 2/4 CN+1/4 MN+1/4 SN (SN, nitrogen in corn straw), and CF (conventional fertilization, the amounts of nitrogen application were 943 and 912 kg N ha–1 for celery and tomato season, respectively). In addition to CF treatment, the amount of nitrogen application in other treatments was greatly reduced and equal (450 and 450 kg N ha–1 for celery and tomato season, respectively). Results showed that the combined application of 3/4 CN+1/4 MN achieved the highest yield and economic benefit in the first four seasons, but addition of straw (2/4 CN+1/4 MN+1/4 SN treatment) performed better in the subsequent two seasons, and the average yields of 2/4 CN+1/4 MN+1/4 SN treatment were respectively higher by 9.9 and 12.8% than those of 4/4 CN treatment, and by 5.6 and 10.5% than those of CF treatment. The residual chlortetracycline (CTC) in manure-amended soil for three consecutive years increased along with the increase of applied amount of pig manure. Under the same amount of pig manure application, content of CTC in straw-amended soil was obviously decreased compared with no straw-amended soil (3/4 CN+1/4 MN treatment), and averagely decreased by 41.9% for four sampling periods in the sixth season. Addition of crop straw facilitated the degradation of CTC in manure-amended soil. As a whole, the conventional fertilization was not the desirable pattern based on yield, economic benefit and environment, the optimal fertilization pattern with the highest yield and profit and the least soil chlortetracycline residue was the treatment of 2/4 CN+1/4 MN+1/4 SN under this experimental condition.