天敌昆虫在诱集植物上的多样性及对温室蚜虫的防治作用

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.15.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】针对天敌昆虫的保护和利用，通过混合种植不同诱集植物，分析天敌昆虫的多样性特征及与其影响因子间的关系；通过筛选和贮存诱集植物上的优势天敌，并构建储蓄植物系统，应用于温室黄瓜中，评价其对目标害虫蚜虫的防治效果。【方法】2012、2013和2015年分别在河北廊坊和湖北黄冈两试验基地混合种植5种诱集植物：玉米、紫花苜蓿、向日葵、小麦和大豆。通过调查天敌昆虫类群，计算2012和2015年的天敌群落特征参数，并用冗余分析法（redundancy analysis，RDA）分析天敌群落结构与诱集植物种类、调查时间和植物花期的关系；2013年通过收集并贮存诱集植物中的优势天敌瓢虫，构建出小麦-麦蚜-瓢虫的储蓄植物系统，并在系统中接种不同密度瓢虫后应用于温室黄瓜中防治蚜虫，比较各瓢虫密度下的储蓄植物系统对蚜虫的防治效果。【结果】诱集植物上天敌昆虫的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势集中性指数和Pielou均匀性指数总体上随着调查时间的变化呈现显著差异；通过对天敌的等级划分，蚜茧蜂和龟纹瓢虫为优势类群，二者的个体数量均占所有诱集天敌数量的10%以上；RDA分析结果表明，诱集植物种类、调查时间和植物花期对天敌群落结构均有显著影响，三者总和对2012和2015年天敌多样性信息的总变异可分别解释26.02%和17.20%；2012和2015年的RDA排序图均表明，小花蝽和中华草蛉与植物花期相关性较高；将小麦-麦蚜-瓢虫的储蓄植物系统应用于温室后的第2周，接种200头瓢虫的处理，蚜虫密度显著低于其他处理，防治效果为69.4%。【结论】采用协调天敌诱集和助增策略，通过混合种植不同诱集植物，诱集到了多种自然天敌类群，并将筛选出的优势天敌构建成储蓄植物系统，应用于温室黄瓜中，其中，接种高密度瓢虫的储蓄植物系统对蚜虫具有一定的控制作用。因此，以天敌昆虫诱集、保护、筛选和利用为一体的害虫生物防治思路在实践中具有可行性。

关键词: 诱集植物；天敌昆虫；冗余分析；储蓄植物系统；释放应用, 蚜虫

Abstract: 【Objective】Concern over protection and application of natural enemies for biological control of insect pests has increased considerably in recent years. The objective of this study is to assess the relationship between natural enemy diversity on multiple mixed trapping crops and its influence factors. Furthermore, the efficacy of banker plant system for control of the target pest aphids in cucumber greenhouse was evaluated. 【Method】Five species of trapping crops including maize, alfalfa, sunflower, wheat and soybean were mix-planted in the experiment stations of Langfang and Huanggang in 2012, 2103 and 2015, respectively. The species of natural enemies were investigated during the experimental period. The community parameters of natural enemies were calculated, and the relationship between community structure and its influence factors (plant species, sampling time and flowering phase) was analyzed by redundancy analysis. In 2013, the dominant natural enemy, i.e., ladybird beetle was collected from the trap cropping and stored in laboratory. In addition, the wheat aphid and wheat were selected as the alternative prey and banker plant of ladybird beetle with different densities, respectively, and the system for control of Aphis gossypii was introduced on greenhouse cucumber. The control efficacy among different treatments was compared.【Result】Analyses of community parameters of natural enemies, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), Simpson’s diversity index (D) and Pielou’s evenness index (J) showed differences over the sampling time. Aphidius spp. and Propylaea japonica were determined as dominant natural enemies in two years. The abundances of both species accounted for over 10% in all natural species on the mixed trap cropping. Redundancy analysis results indicated that plant species, flowering phase and sampling time significantly affected the abundance of natural enemies, and in total explained 26.02% and 17.20% of the variance of the natural enemy community data in 2012 and 2015, respectively. Graph of RDA in 2012 and 2015 indicated that Orius spp. and Chrysoperla sinica displayed higher correlation with the flowering phase. When introduced the banker plant system with density of 200 ladybird beetles in greenhouse, the density of A. gossypii was significantly lower among the treatments, with a control efficacy of 69.4%. 【Conclusion】Attractiveness of natural enemies was integrated with the strategy of their enhanced abundance by means of artificial assistance. Different species of trapping crop plants were mix-planted, attracted multiple natural enemies groups. The dominant natural enemy attracted in the mixed plants was screened to develop the banker plant system, which was then introduced in greenhouse cucumber for control of aphids. The banker plant system with the highest density of ladybird beetle resulted in a certain reduction in aphids population. Therefore, it is practicable to integrated strategies involving the trapping, protection, screening and application of natural enemies for biological control of insect pests.

Key words: trap cropping, natural enemies, redundancy analysis, banker plant system, release and application, aphid

吴圣勇，徐丽荣，李宁，王登杰，雷仲仁. 天敌昆虫在诱集植物上的多样性及对温室蚜虫的防治作用[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(15): 2955-2964.

WU Sheng-yong, XU Li-rong, LI Ning, WANG Deng-jie, LEI Zhong-ren. Natural Enemy Diversity on Trapping Crops and Its Application for Control of Aphids in Greenhouse Cucumber [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(15): 2955-2964.

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