水稻-油菜轮作条件下磷肥效应研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.06.019

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】采用田间裂区试验研究不同磷肥用量对水稻-油菜轮作体系中作物产量、磷素吸收量以及磷肥当季利用率和残留利用率的影响，评估水稻季不同磷肥用量对油菜的后效大小，探讨周年轮作内磷肥的分配，为水稻-油菜周年轮作体系下油菜季磷肥管理提供科学依据。【方法】采用水稻-油菜周年轮作田间试验，前季水稻包含4个不同的磷肥水平，分别为P0（0 kg P2O5•hm-2）、P30（30 kg P2O5•hm-2）、P60（60 kg P2O5•hm-2）和P90（90 kg P2O5•hm-2），后季油菜在水稻季试验基础上采用裂区试验，每个小区裂区为施磷（60 kg P2O5•hm-2）和不施磷（0 kg P2O5•hm-2）2个副区，研究不同施磷条件下水稻-油菜轮作体系中作物产量、磷素吸收量、磷肥当季利用率和残留利用率，以及水稻季不同磷肥用量对后季油菜产量和磷素吸收量的影响，并引入“后效磷量”的概念评估水稻季磷肥后效。【结果】水稻季施磷60 kg P2O5•hm-2时水稻产量最高，磷肥当季利用率最大，分别为9 694 kg•hm-2和19.2%，施磷不足或者过量均会降低油菜的产量和磷肥当季利用率。与油菜季不施磷处理相比，油菜当季施磷60 kg P2O5•hm-2显著增加油菜干物质量765—1 195 kg•hm-2，其中油菜籽增产427—503 kg•hm-2；油菜产量和磷素吸收量也受到水稻季磷肥用量的影响，水稻季施用磷肥后季油菜干物质量显著增加212—816 kg•hm-2，其中油菜籽粒增产136—409 kg•hm-2，磷素吸收量增加0.4—4.9 kg•hm-2。水稻季残留在土壤中磷肥可以供后季油菜吸收利用，增加油菜当季磷肥的农学效率和磷肥贡献率，具有明显的后效。水稻季磷肥当季利用率16.3%—19.2%，残留利用率为5.4%—7.3%，累积利用率为21.8%—25.6%，磷肥的后效与磷肥用量显著正相关，水稻季磷肥后效相当于油菜当季施磷2—9 kg P2O5•hm-2的增产效果。水稻季磷肥后效也受到油菜季磷肥用量的影响，油菜季施磷处理水稻磷肥对油菜磷素吸收增加作用低于油菜季不施磷处理。【结论】在水稻-油菜轮作体系中，合理的施用磷肥能明显提高两季作物的产量、养分吸收量和肥料利用率，水稻季施用的磷肥残留在土壤中可以被后季作物吸收利用，显著地增加油菜的产量和磷素吸收量，对后季油菜具有明显的后效，其后效的大小与施磷量显著正相关。因此在水旱轮作体系中，在兼顾“重旱轻水”的磷肥管理策略下，油菜季应该充分考虑前茬作物水稻季磷肥后效的基础上进行优化磷肥管理。

关键词: 水稻-油菜轮作 , 磷肥利用率 , 磷肥后效

Abstract: 【Objective】A split field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different P fertilizer application rates on crop yield, P uptake, P recovery efficiency and residual efficiency under annual rice-rapeseed rotation. The effects of residual P in rice season on rapeseed yields and crop P uptakes were evaluated to explore the distribution of P fertilizer in annual rice-rapeseed rotation for the purpose of optimization of P fertilization strategy in rice-rapeseed rotation.【Method】An annual rice-rapeseed field experiment was conducted in Honghu County, Hubei province from May, 2010 to May, 2011. In rice season, there were four different P application rates treatment (P0, 0 P2O5, P30, 30 kg P2O5•hm-2, P60, 60 kg P2O5•hm-2 and P90, 90 kg P2O5•hm-2), while in later rapeseed season, the original P application rate treatments were split into two sub-treatments (with P fertilization treatment, 60 kg P2O5•hm-2, and without P fertilization treatment, 0 kg P2O5•hm-2). Besides crop yield, crop P uptake, P recovery efficiency and residual P utilization efficiency under different P treatments were analyzed, the concept of “the substitute rate of P fertilizer” was adopted to estimate the residual effects of P fertilizer applied in rice season on the rapeseed yield. 【Result】 Reasonable P fertilization substantially increased the yield of the rice and rapeseed. Crop yield and P recovery efficiency in rice season were the highest in P60 treatment, with the average of 9 694 kg•hm-2 and 19.2%, respectively. Insufficient or excessive P fertilization decreased rice yield and P recovery efficiency. Compared with without P fertilization treatment in rapeseed season, rapeseed dry matter increased significantly, ranging from 756 to 1 195 kg•hm-2 in P fertilization treatment; while seed yields were also improved, ranging from 427 to 503 kg•hm-2. P fertilizer applied in rice season significantly affected the seed yield and crop nutrient uptake of the following rapeseed. In contrast to the plots without P fertilization in rice season, rapeseed dry matter of the plots with P fertilization in rice season dramatically increased, varying from 212 to 816 kg•hm-2, and the yield of rapeseed varying from 136 to 409 kg•hm-2, and the P uptake by rapeseed increased from 0.4 to 4.9 kg•hm-2. The P fertilizer applied in rice season could be utilized by rapeseed which consequently increased the agronomic efficiencies and the contribution rate of P fertilizer applied in rapeseed season. The recovery efficiency of P applied in rice season ranged from 16.3% to 19.2%, the residual utilization efficiency ranged from 5.4% to 7.3% and the annual P fertilizer accumulate efficiency was 21.8% - 25.6%. P fertilizer applied in rice season had a significant residual effect, which showed a positive correlation with P fertilizer application rate. The residual effects of P fertilizer applied in rice season were equivalent to 2-9 kg P2O5•hm-2 used in the rapeseed season. Furthermore, the residual effects of P fertilizer applied in rice season were also positively affected by the P fertilizer application rate in rapeseed season. The residual effects of P fertilizer in rapeseed season with P fertilization were higher than those without P fertilization. 【Conclusion】 Reasonable P fertilization could substantially increase crop yield, P uptake and P use efficiency under rice-rapeseed rotation system. The P fertilizer application in rice season had a significant residual effect on increase rapeseed yield and P, which showed a positive correlation with P fertilizer application rate. Considering “more P fertilization used in upland season and less P fertilization used in paddy season” in P fertilization management strategy under paddy-upland rotation, P fertilization management in rapeseed season thus should be optimized taking the residual effect of P application in rice season into consideration.

Key words: rice- rapeseed rotation , P agronomic efficiency , the residual of phosphorus

卜容燕1, 任涛1, 鲁剑巍1, 李小坤1, 丛日环1, 李云春1, 汪洋1, 鲁君明2. 水稻-油菜轮作条件下磷肥效应研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(6): 1227-1234.

BU Rong-Yan-1, REN Tao-1, LU Jian-Wei-1, LI Xiao-Kun-1, CONG Ri-Huan-1, LI Yun-Chun-1, WANG Yang-1, LU Jun-Ming-2. Analysis of P Fertilizer Efficiency Under Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(6): 1227-1234.

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