玉米雄穗检测是玉米种植和育种农艺管理中必不可少的技术，可应用于产量估算、生长监测、智能采摘、病害检测等方面。然而，田间的玉米雄穗普遍存在遮挡现象，不同生长阶段的雄穗大小和形态颜色也不尽相同。针对这些问题，本文提出了SEYOLOX-tiny模型，可以更精准、更鲁棒地识别田间的玉米雄穗。通过无人机构建了丰富的玉米雄穗图像数据集，在保证图像质量和图像采集效率的同时兼顾不同时期的玉米雄穗的图像多样性。另外，YOLOX嵌入注意力机制，在关键特征的提取时，能有效抑制不利因素（遮挡、重叠）的噪声，有助于应对农田多变复杂的环境。实验结果显示，改进的识别算法SEYOLOX-tiny平均检测精度达到95.0%；相较于原始模型的mAP_@0.5、mAP_@0.5-0.95、mAP_{@0.5-0.95（面积=小）}和mAP_{@0.5-0.95（面积=中）}提升1.5、1.8、5.3和1.7个百分点。因此，本文提出的方法可以满足玉米穗检测视觉系统中所需要的精度和鲁棒性。

水稻（Oryza sativa L.）是世界主要粮食作物之一，干旱和高盐等非生物胁迫环境严重影响水稻产量，提高水稻水分利用效率的主要途径是提高其抗旱性和耐盐性。克隆和利用水稻抗旱耐盐相关基因，提高水稻的抗逆能力，对我国乃至全世界粮食安全都具有重要意义。本研究报道了水稻maspardin蛋白基因OsMas1的克隆、生物学功能以及分子作用机制。亚细胞定位分析，结果表明 OsMas1蛋白定位于细胞质。逆境胁迫表达分析表明，OsMas1基因受到200 mM甘露醇、20% PEG6000、200 mM NaCl和100 μM ABA诱导表达。构建植物过表达载体和RNAi干扰载体，将该基因导入水稻品种中花11号（WT），通过对转基因水稻材料抗性鉴定，结果表明过表达（OsMas1-OE）植株的耐盐性和抗旱性显著增强，而干扰（OsMas1-RNAi）植株的耐盐性和抗旱性显著降低。对OsMas1-OE、OsMas1-RNAi和WT水稻材料进行芽期和苗期的外源ABA处理，结果发现OsMas1-OE植株对ABA的敏感性明显高于WT植株，而OsMas1-RNAi植株对ABA的敏感性明显低于WT植株。干旱、盐胁迫处理后，OsMas1-OE植株的ABA、脯氨酸、K⁺含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和光合活性显著高于OsMas1-RNAi植株和WT植株，而丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、超氧阴离子自由基（O^2-）和Na⁺含量显著低于OsMas1-RNAi植株和WT植株。qRT-PCR分析表明，在盐、干旱胁迫下，过表达OsMas1基因显著上调ABA生物合成与信号途径、脯氨酸生物合成途径、活性氧（ROS）清除系统、光合作用和离子转运相关基因的表达，从而显著提高了转基因水稻植株的耐盐性和抗旱性，为水稻水分高效利用和抗逆育种奠定理论基础。

非洲猪瘟在我国爆发，给我国养殖业带来巨大的经济损失，目前无可用的商业化疫苗和药物，其相关研究限定于在高等级生物安全实验室中完成，生物安全防护中消毒剂的合理使用尤为重要。MICRO-CHEM PLUS（MCP）作为一种复合型季铵盐类消毒剂在高等级生物安全实验室广泛使用，而针对非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever Virus，ASFV）的灭活效果未见相关报道。本文我们探究不同病毒载量、不同消毒剂浓度、不同作用时间及不同作用温度对于灭活非洲猪瘟病毒效果的影响。研究结果表明高病毒载量需要更高浓度的MCP才能将ASFV完全灭活，较低浓度的MCP需要延长作用时间才能达到完全灭活ASFV的效果，不同的作用温度对于MCP灭活ASFV的效果无影响。应用干雾消毒机将5%MCP进行房间喷雾消毒，当浓度达到0.06L/m3，用ASFV、大肠杆菌和金色葡萄球菌作为生物指示剂，可以达到终末消毒效果，但对于枯草芽孢杆菌作为生物指示剂还有部分活菌残留；当浓度为0.03L/m3时，对于大肠杆菌或金黄色葡萄球菌作为生物指示剂，也可以达到了终末消毒效果。该研究为在特定环境中合理使用 MCP 提供了科学依据，可以用于操作ASFV的高等级生物安全实验室的消毒以及猪场非洲猪瘟感染的预防。

本研究的目的是利用我们在先前研究中构建的F₁杂交群体的高密度遗传连锁图谱定位与春季再生相关的数量性状位点（quantitative trait loci, QTL）。该群体包含392个子代，且亲本在春季再生性状上表现出明显的差异。在两个地点连续统计了两年的表型数据，并利用IciMapping软件进行QTL定位分析。利用单个环境中表型的平均值和最佳线性无偏预测（Best Linear Unbiased Prediction，BLUP）作为QTL定位的表型，总共鉴定到36个与春季再生性状显著关联的加性QTL。其中，有十个QTL分别解释了超过10％的表型变异（phenotypic variation, PVE），在P1亲本（父本）中有四个，P2亲本（母本）中有六个。在这些加性QTL中共有六个重叠的QTL区间，在P1和P2中分别有两个和四个。在P1中，两个重叠的区间都位于连锁群7D上。在P2中，PVE >10％的四个QTL在连锁群6D上定位到相同区间。此外，在P2中鉴定出六对显著的上位性QTL，而在P1中没有定位到上位性QTL。在四个重叠的QTL（qCP2019-8，qLF2019-5，qLF2020-4和qBLUP-3）所处区间内筛选到一个候选基因，该基因被注释为MAIL1，拟南芥中的同源基因在植株的生长中起重要作用。本研究定位到的QTLs是利用标记辅助选择对紫花苜蓿春季再生性状进行遗传改良的宝贵资源，鉴定的相关基因为深入了解紫花苜蓿春季再生的遗传特性提供依据。

本研究以表达eGFP重组非洲猪瘟病毒为指示病毒，通过体外细胞培养方法，模拟浸泡和喷雾方式，在室温条件下，观察消毒剂不同浓度、不同时间作用后是否产生可见荧光信号为标准，来判定病毒是否完全被消毒剂灭活。结果显示，模拟浸泡消毒方式，在室温条件下，碘酸混合溶液0.5%浓度，作用10分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；过硫酸氢钾复合粉0.25%浓度作用30分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；枸橼酸粉0.25%浓度作用30分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；二氯异氰脲酸钠粉0.125%浓度作用60分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；戊二醛癸甲溴铵溶液0.2%浓度作用60分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；癸甲溴铵溶液0.5%浓度作用60分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒。模拟喷雾消毒方式，在室温条件下，碘酸混合溶液0.5%浓度，作用10分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；过硫酸氢钾复合粉0.25%浓度作用60分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；枸橼酸粉0.5%浓度作用30分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；二氯异氰脲酸钠粉0.25%浓度作用60分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；戊二醛癸甲溴铵溶液0.2%浓度作用60分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒；癸甲溴铵溶液0.5%浓度作用60分钟能完全灭活非洲猪瘟病毒。这些结果表明，常用市售6种消毒剂，在实验室条件下，不同浓度和作用时间均能有效灭活非洲猪瘟病毒，本实验建立了一种应用表达eGFP重组非洲猪瘟病毒为指示病毒，快速准确评价消毒剂灭活非洲猪瘟病毒效果的方法，为非洲猪瘟的生物安全防控提供有力理论依据和技术支持。

Cold stress is a major problem in rice production.  To rapidly identify genes for cold tolerance in Dongxiang wild rice (DWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.), sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis of QTL-seq method was used to resequence the extremely resistant (R) and susceptible (S) bulks of a backcross inbred lines (BILs) population (derived from Oryza sativa×O. rufipogon) and their parents.  Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-index graphs and corresponding Δ(SNP-index) graphs (at 99 and 95% confidence levels) for R- and S-bulks detected a total of 2 609 candidate SNPs, including 58 candidate cold-tolerance genes.  Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that 5 out of the 58 candidate genes had significant differences in expression between O. sativa and O. rufipogon.  Structural variation and functional annotations of the 5 candidate genes were also analyzed, and allowed us to identify 2 insertion-deletion (InDel) markers (12-7 and 12-16) that were linked with candidate genes on chromosome 12 in DWR.  These results are helpful for cloning and using cold tolerance genes from common wild rice in cultivated rice.

    Cold stress is one of the major restraints for rice production. Cold tolerance is controlled by complex genetic factor. In this study, a backcross inbred lines (BILs) population derived from an inter-specific cross (Oryza sativa L.×O. rufipogon Griff.) was used for genetic linkage map construction and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. A linkage map consisting of 153 markers was constructed, spanning 1 596.8 cM with an average distance of 11.32 cM between the adjacent markers. Phenotypic evaluation of the parents and BILs under (6±1)°C cold stress revealed that the ability of cold tolerance in BILs at early seedling obeyed a skewed normal and continuous distribution. Fifteen QTLs on chromosomes 6, 7, 8, 11, and 12 were identified using survival percent (SP) and non death percent (NDP) as indicators of cold tolerance, which could explain 5.99 to 40.07% of the phenotypic variance, of which the LOD values ranged from 3.04 to 11.32. Four QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5 and 7 were detected using leaf conductivity (LC) and root conductivity (RC) as indicators of cold tolerance, ranging from 19.54 to 33.53% for the phenotypic variance explained and 2.54 to 6.12 for the LOD values. These results suggested that there might be multi major QTLs in O. rufipogon and some useful genes for cold tolerance have been transferred into cultivated rice, which would be helpful for cloning and utilizing the cold tolerance-responsive genes from wild rice.

Sucrose non-fermenting-1 related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) is a unique family of protein kinases associated with abiotic stress signal transduction in plants. In this study, a maize SnRK2 gene ZmSnRK2.11 was cloned and characterized. The results showed that ZmSnRK2.11 is up-regulated by high-salinity and dehydration treatment, and it is expressed mainly in maize mature leaf. A transient expression assay using onion epidermal cells revealed that ZmSnRK2.11-GFP fusion proteins are localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Overexpressing-ZmSnRK2.11 in Arabidopsis resulted in salt and drought sensitivity phenotypes that exhibited an increased rate of water loss, reduced relative water content, delayed stoma closure, accumulated less free proline content and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content relative to the phenotypes observed in wild-type (WT) control. Furthermore, overexpression of ZmSnRK2.11 up-regulated the expression of the genes ABI1 and ABI2 and decreased the expression of DREB2A and P5CS1. Taken together, our results suggest that ZmSnRK2.11 is a possible negative regulator involved in the salt and drought stress signal transduction pathways in plants.

Novel promoters that confer root-specific expression would be useful for engineering resistance against problems of nutrient and water absorption by roots. In this study, the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to identify seven genes with root-specific expression in rice. The isolation and characterization of upstream promoter regions of five selected genes rice root-specific promoter (rRSP) 1 to 5 (rRSP1-rRSP5) and A2P (the promoter of OsAct2) revealed that rRSP1, rRSP3, and rRSP5 are particularly important with respect to root-specific activities. Furthermore, rRSP1, rRSP3, and rRSP5 were observed to make different contributions to root activities in various species. These three promoters could be used for root-specific enhancement of target gene(s).

The phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae acted as selectable marker and mannose acted as selective agent for the production of transgenic plants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The concentration of mannose during the selection was stepwise increased, 5 g L-1 mannose combined with 15 g L-1 sucrose and 500 mg L-1 cefotaxime was used in the initial selection stage, then the concentration of mannose was increased to 11 g L-1, the highest transformation rate was 20.0%. The integration of PMI gene was confirmed by PCR, and the result of RT-PCR assay proved that the intron of PMI gene can be excised correctly during RNA splicing. β- Glucuronidase (GUS) activity analysis confirmed the expression of GUS gene. All those means the PMI gene from yeast can be used as a selectable marker in rice transformation.

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci are considered as a taxonomically complex that contained some destructive pests. Two of the most prevalent cryptic species are B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED). In an extensive field survey of the B. tabaci complex present throughout part of China from 2004 to 2007, we obtained 93 samples of B. tabaci from 22 provinces. We determined that these Chinese haplotypes included 2 invasive species (MEAM1 and MED), and 4 indigenous cryptic species (Asia II 1, Asia II 3, China 3 and Asia II 7) by sequencing mitochondrial cytochrome oxidose one gene (mtCOI). The diversity and genetic differentiation of a subset of 19 populations of B. tabaci were studied using cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Prior to 2007, MEAM1 was a dominant species in many provinces in China. By 2007, MED was dominant in 11 provinces. Both invasive and indigenous species were simultaneously found in some regions. Indigenous species of B. tabaci were found in six provinces in southern China. MED and MEAM1 have broad ranges of host plants, and indigenous species appeared to have much narrower host ranges. All Asia II 3 samples were found on cotton except one on aubergine. China 3 has more host plants than Asia II 3. Twelve samples of China 3 were collected from sweet potato, Japanese hop, squash and cotton. A total of 677 reproducible bands amplified with 5 AFLP primer combinations were obtained. The highest proportion of polymorphic bands was 98.7% and the lowest was 91.9%. Unweighted pair-group method analysis indicated that the clustering was independent of the different species. MED showed the lowest degree of similarity than the other species. The data indicate that both MEAM1and MED were rapidly established in China.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between seed yield and other important agronomic traits ofearly-maturing rapeseed as a rotation crop in a double-cropping rice area using Pearson’s correlation coefficient as well asto estimate direct and indirect effects of specific yield component traits on seed yield via path analysis. Nineteen rapeseedgenotypes were grown at ten environments in South China during 2008-2009 and 12 characters were evaluated. Analysisof variance showed that environment had a significant impact on all characters. For most characters the genotype byenvironment interaction was weak and not statistically significant. Simple correlation analysis indicated that the numberof primary branches (PB), number of pods on the main raceme (PR), and number of seeds per pod made significantcontributions to seed yield per plant (SYP), while 1 000-seed weight was negatively correlated with SYP (r=-0.485, P<0.05).Furthermore, number of pods per plant (PP), PB, and PR had the greatest direct effects on SYP. In addition, PP and PB werethe best indicators to predict seed yield in stepwise regression analysis. Finally, yield component differences betweenearly- and medium-maturity varieties were compared; this showed that to improve the seed yield of early varieties, moreemphasis should be given to increase PP, PB, and PR, and reduce plant height and shortening of growth duration inbreeding practice.