配子体型自交不亲和（Gametophytic self-incompatible，GSI）是茄科植物普遍存在的一种自交不亲和性，它由一个核糖核酸酶（S-RNase）和多个F-box（SLF）组成的S位点控制；然而，二倍体马铃薯的S位点遗传多样性尚不清楚。本研究对194份二倍体马铃薯花柱转录组进行无参拼接，结果共鉴定到21种S-RNase等位基因型，其中7个S-RNase等位基因是首次被鉴定，分别是S15、S16、S17、S18、S19、S20和S21。等位基因频率结果显示，S2等位基因型在整个群体中基因频率最高，达到11.89%。随后，分析纯合S2自交系的基因组拼接数据显示S2位点包含12个SLF基因。对4个纯合S位点共线性分析发现8个SLF相对保守。Ka和Ks计算结果显示不同S-RNase和同种单倍型内一簇SLF受到同种进化轨迹，但不同单倍型的同类SLF受到不同的进化轨迹。以上研究不仅对二倍体马铃薯种质S-RNase等位基因型进行了深入研究，而且对自交不亲和S位点组成和进化进行了分析，为二倍体马铃薯杂交育种提供了理论基础。

一般在断奶后，牧场为便于生产管理，将来自不同群体大小的犊牛进行混群或重新分组，这种常规操作对犊牛的福利存在负面影响。混群前的社交经验可能会缓解混群应激，但仍需要更多研究验证这一假设，因此本文通过出生后单栏饲养或群养犊牛在混群后的生理和行为指标的变化，探究早期社会环境对犊牛抗应激能力的影响。将132头初生犊牛随机分为单栏饲养、3头群养、6头群养、12头群养，共4个处理组（S、G3、G6、G12组，每组6个重复）。60日龄时，将每个处理组(S、G3、G6和G12)每2个重复引入较大的围栏中，形成44头犊牛规模的新群体。分别记录重组前后生理参数，包括心率(HR)、唾液皮质醇（S-CORT）、唾液分泌免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)、白介素-2（IL-2）、白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平和行为反应。重组后，无论是单栏饲养还是群养组犊牛HR和S-CORT立即升高(P<0.05)，但与群养犊牛相比，单栏饲养犊牛差异更显著(P<0.05)。单栏饲养犊牛的SIgA和IL-2水平下降(P<0.05)，且IL-2在所有组中最低(P<0.05)。此外，犊牛混群后具有不同的行为表现，包括活动时间和休息时间的变化，与新环境应激引发的负面情绪有关。群居犊牛的互相修饰、玩耍、探索行为和趴卧时间较多(P<0.05)，而单栏饲养犊牛的自我梳理、攻击行为、站立和行走时间则显著增加(P < 0.05)。研究表明，单栏饲养犊牛可能比群养犊牛更易产生混群应激，从而对行为和神经生理产生影响，而出生后的群居经验则可能帮助犊牛缓解这种应激。

本研究从历史数据以及公开文章中收集了57个与大豆种子可溶性糖含量相关的数量性状位点(QTLs)。通过meta、overview和共线性分析来细化QTL区间，共得到8个共有QTL。使用染色体片段代换系(CSSLs)群体对这些共有QTL进行验证，选择了两个包含共有QTL和有导入片段的品系：其中一个与共有QTL区间相关的一个品系可溶性糖含量较高，另一个品系可溶性糖含量较低。在种子发育的早期、中期和晚期对这两个品系进行转录组测序，分别鉴定出158个、109个和329个差异表达基因。通过重测序数据和共有QTL区间分析，在野生大豆遗传导入片段中鉴定出3个候选基因Glyma.19G146800、Glyma.19G122500和Glyma.19G128500。通过对两个CSSL亲本SN14和ZYD00006的序列比对，发现Glyma.19G122500编码序列发生单核苷酸多态性(SNP)突变，导致氨基酸序列发生非同义突变，影响了蛋白质结构。基于这一SNP，我们开发了竞争性等位基因特异性PCR (KASP)标记，并将其用于CSSL品系的鉴定。这些结果为进一步鉴定大豆可溶性糖相关基因及进一步育种奠定了基础。

禾谷孢囊线虫H. avenae是一种重要的植物病原线虫，严重影响禾谷类作物的产量。目前已在我国河南、河北、江苏、青海、西藏等16个省(市)发生危害。本研究通过人工接种试验和田间试验，利用抽穗期根系中的线虫数量指标评价了青海栽培二棱大麦 (QH2R)、青海栽培六棱大麦 (QH6R) 和西藏栽培二棱大麦 (TB2R) 对禾谷孢囊线虫的抗病性，并通过接种试验和显微观察，评价了两个高抗品种中线虫的侵染和发育情况。为更好地评价不同品种对H. avenae的抗感性，首先比较了两种常用的抗性评价方法——繁育系数法 (PPR) 和单株雌虫/孢囊数量法 (NFP) 的准确性。对田间自然条件下186个品种受害情况的调查结果表明，利用NFP法鉴定出的感病品种数量显著高于PPR法鉴定的感病品种数量，表明NFP法更利于鉴定大麦品种的抗病性。通过2015年至2017年的田间试验及2018年的人工接种试验，发现QH2R系列品种中形成的雌虫/孢囊数量最少，显著低于QH6R和TB2R系列品种。综合接种试验与田间试验的结果，从QH2R系列品种中鉴定出8个高抗品种 (Sunong7617, Sunong7635, Dongyuan87-14, Rudong14-46, Rudong87-57, Rudong87-8-45, Rudong88-14-2, Rudong88-67-1)，平均单株孢囊数量低于4.2个。对线虫发育进程的显微观察表明，高抗品种 (Sunong7635和Dongyuan87-14) 中H. avenae幼虫的侵入数量显著低于感病品种中幼虫的侵入数量，并且幼虫发育成雌虫的数量也显著减少。本研究中鉴定的高抗品种对于育种工作者培育禾谷孢囊线虫抗性品种、更加经济有效地控制禾谷孢囊线虫的危害等具有重要意义。

尽管目前的研究极大地促进了我们对于植物适应低氮胁迫的认知，但是关于不同作物基因型适应低氮胁迫能力不同的机制仍需要进一步探讨。本文中，我们根据田间条件下304份玉米自交系对低氮胁迫的耐受性，从中选择了Ye478（低氮胁迫敏感材料）和Qi319（耐受低氮胁迫材料）进行进一步的研究。首先我们对Ye478和Qi319正常氮水培和低氮水培的地上部和根部构建了16个转录组文库，并进行高通量测序。结果分析发现Qi319根系中特异上调表达的基因主要富集在代谢能相关途径，包括三羧酸代谢过程和烟酰胺代谢过程。在低氮胁迫处理5天后，仅在Ye478中观察到老叶变黄的表型；与Qi319相比，在Ye478地上部特异下调表达的基因主要与类囊体、叶绿体、光合膜和叶绿体基质等有关。对转录因子进行分析，共有216个转录因子在Ye478和Qi319之间差异表达，表明氮胁迫响应路径中的转录调控在不同作物基因型适应低氮胁迫中起重要作用。此外，在Ye478和Qi319中还发现了15个差异表达的miRNAs。综上所述，我们的研究有助于了解玉米耐受低氮胁迫的遗传变异和分子基础。

Hyperactivation is one of the most critical parts for fertilization. cAMP generated by soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is necessary to activate sperm and is a prerequisite for sperm hyperactivation. The aim of this study is to investigate the function of sAC in hyperactivation in male rats. Four siRNAs of sAC gene were designed and separately transformed into rat sperm using electrotransformation method. Cultured for 12 and 24 h, physiological and biochemical indexes of these sperm were analyzed, and the expressions of some hyperactivation-related genes were detected using real-time PCR. We demonstrated 26.3-30.8% and 49.1-50.5% reduction in sAC at the protein by Western blot and mRNA levels by real-time PCR, respectively. The results showed that two siRNAs, Actb-717 and Actb-4205, were the best RNAi sites for silencing sAC. The VCL (curvilinear velocity) and ALH (amplitude of lateral head displacement) of RNA interference (RNAi)-transfected sperm were reduced. cAMP and protein phosphorylation in RNAi transfected sperm were also decreased. The hyperactivation-related genes, such as CatSper2, LDHC and PKA, were downregulated in the sperm, which sAC was knockdown. These findings demonstrated that sAC might play a critical role in cAMP signaling in the rat sperm hyperactivation, and downregulated sAC gene might prevent the expression of these hyperactivation-ralated genes resulting in sperm dysfunction. These findings suggest that these hyperactivation-ralated genes and sAC are functionally related in sperm hyperactivation and sAC falls into an expanding group of sperm proteins that appear to be promising targets for the development of male contraceptives.

CatSper is a unique Ca2+ channel-like protein family exclusively expressed in the testis and sperm, and plays important roles in sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction and sperm-egg interactions. Here we studied the mechanism of regulation of CatSper2-dependent Ca2+ influx, extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ on sperm hyperactivated motility. The siRNA duplexes were transfected into the sperm cells by electroporation (EP) to silence the expression of CatSper2. The results for targeted disruption of CatSper2 showed the highest silence efficiency 77.7% (P<0.05), the hyperactivated sperm rate calculated by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) analysis of interferenced sperm was significantly lower 11.1% than the control 99.2%. Flow cytometry (FCM) detection of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of interferenced sperm was 50 nmol L-1 higher than the normal. It was remarkably lower than hyperactivated sperm with 200-1 000 nmol L-1 (P<0.05). It was not sufficient to evoke hyperactivation. To trigger hyperactivation, the sperm were incubated in 50 μmol L-1 thimerosal or 5 mmol L-1 procaine, it sharply increased the intracellular Ca2+ via two different channels. CASA and FCM detection indicated that intracellular Ca2+ is required for initiating hyperactivation while extracellular Ca2+ is essential to maintain the process. We concluded that to mediate sperm hyperactivation, it is essential to inhibit Ca2+ peak present with targeted disruption of CatSper2 expression. This provides important prospective for further exploration of signal channel of sperm hyperactivated motility, potential factors for male infertility and provide further reference to the exploration of male contraceptive drug targets of male reproduction.