本研究依托于29年的黑土长期定位试验，供试作物为玉米。肥料试验包括不施肥对照（CK）、施氮、钾肥（NK）、氮磷钾平衡施肥（NPK）、氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）共4 个处理。选取了2018年0-20，20-40，40-60 cm的土壤样品，测定土壤性质，并采用Hedley连续浸提法分析了土壤磷形态。试验结果表明，长期有机无机配施处理（NPKM）促进了磷在土壤剖面的积累，与初始值相比，其全磷含量增加了0.6-1.6倍。NPKM处理中，其剖面的有效磷含量也远远超过了黑土的环境阈值（50.6 mg kg^-1）。此外，NPKM处理中土壤剖面各活性和中活性态无机磷（NaHCO₃-Pi，NaOH-Pi和diluted HCl-Pi）的含量与比例显著高于NPK处理。这表明，NPKM处理可促进土壤稳定态磷向活性较高的磷形态转化。这可能是由于NPKM降低了土壤对磷的固定。冗余分析结果表明，由施肥引起的土壤有机质、Mehlich3-Fe和络合态铝氧化物含量的增加是影响黑土0-20 cm磷形态差异的主要因素。土壤矿物组分，如游离态的铁氧化物、碳酸钙是影响黑土深层土壤磷形态差异的主要因素。这表明黑土磷的转化过程同时受土层和施肥的影响。由于磷在不同土层中的积累和转化导致的高含量的有效磷以及有机肥的施用增加的活性较高的磷形态含量，我们在生产实践中应适当的减少或优化化肥的投入，以实现农业与环境的可持续发展。

了解磷组分特征和影响因素对提高土壤磷利用效率具有重要的意义。基于黑土、潮土和塿土的长期定位试验，选择了五种施肥方式并将其分为三组：无磷肥处理（CK/NK）、平衡施用无机肥处理（NPK/NPKS）和有机无机配施处理（NPKM）。对土壤无机磷组分和土壤性质进行了分析，研究了无机磷组分特征及无机磷组分与土壤性质的关系。结果表明，三种土壤中Ca₁₀-P占总无机磷的比例最高，黑土、潮土和塿土分别为33.5%、48.8%、44.8%。长期施肥导致了土壤无机磷累积或耗竭的周期性变化。NPK/NPKS和NPKM处理下，黑土和潮土在施肥后期（10-20年）的磷累积量高于施肥早期（0-10年），而塿土正好相反。黑土中无机磷的累积发生在全部磷组分中，而潮土主要为Ca₈-P、Fe-P和Ca₁₀-P，塿土主要为Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P和O-P。CK/NK处理下，三种土壤的无机磷耗竭主要发生在施肥早期；除活性无机磷（Ca₂-P）和中活性无机磷（Ca₈-P、Fe-P、Al-P）外，黑土和潮土中的Ca₁₀-P，塿土中的O-P也可被作物利用。冗余分析表明，土壤性质解释了每种土壤90%以上无机磷组分的变化，其中，土壤有机质的解释百分比在黑土、潮土和塿土中分别为43.6%、74.6%、38.2%。总之，在非酸性土壤中施用磷肥时，应考虑磷的累积速率和土壤性质驱动的无机磷组分的变化。

Agaricus bisporus is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms in the world. Commercial cultivars are usually phenotypically alike and easy to be copied by isolating tissue cultures. This brings great challenges to distinguish different cultivars and to protect new varieties. Thus, techniques for the accurate identification of cultivars are essentially required. In this study, we accurately identified 11 commercial cultivars of A. bisporus released in China by using microsatellite (SSR, simple sequence repeat) markers. SSR markers were developed by mining the genome sequence. A total of 3 134 SSRs were identified, of which 1 490 SSRs were distributed in gene models, and 1 644 in the intergenic regions. A total of 17 polymorphic primer pairs were developed and SSR fingerprints were constructed for all the commercial cultivars. These SSR markers generated a total of 73 alleles, with an average of 4.29 per locus. Specifically, the primer combination of AB_SSR_2341 and AB_SSR_2590 could distinguish all the 11 commercial cultivars. The similarity coefficients of the 11 commercial cultivars were between 0.56 and 0.95 indicating that some of them were close related. Our results provide an efficient technique for the identification of A. bisporus cultivars in China, which can also facilitate the marker-assisted breeding in the future.

More than 20 years have passed since the first report on successful genetic transformation of wheat. With the establishment and improvement of transformation platform, great progresses have been made on wheat genetic transformation both on its fundamental and applied studies in China, especially driven by the National Major Project for Transgenic Organism Breeding, China, initiated in 2008. In this review, wheat genetic transformation platform improvement and transgenic research progresses including new techniques applied and functional studies of wheat quality, yield and stress tolerant related genes and biosafety assessment are summarized. The existing problems and the trends in wheat transformation with traditional methods combined with genomic studies and genome editing technology are also discussed.