收获过程是油菜(Brassica napus L.)生产的重要环节，籽粒产量、菜籽油品质及产业效益皆因收获方式的不同而异。本文通过人工模拟联合收割和两段式收割，对比分析了黄冈和襄阳收获的两个油菜品种压榨菜籽油的色泽、过氧化值（POV）、生育酚含量、脂肪酸组成和极性总多酚（PTP）含量的变化情况，以期考察收获方式对压榨菜籽油品质的影响。结果表明，两种收获方式所制备菜得籽油品质存在显著差异。联合收获方式制备压榨菜籽油的R值、过氧化值、总生育酚含量、亚油酸含量、亚麻酸含量、极性总酚含量较分段收获方式分别低约27.6%、5.7%、15.8%、2.0%、0.5%和28.6%，襄阳和华油杂62在两个地区和品种中表现较好。综上所述，联合收获适宜时间为终花后38-41天左右进行，分段收获在终花后35天左右，后熟6天得到的压榨菜籽油品质更佳。

本研究首先对豌豆修尾蚜触角转录组进行测序，并对鉴定到的气味受体（odorant receptors, ORs）基因进行了表达水平分析。随后，为了研究豌豆修尾蚜识别HIPVs的化学感受机制，利用11种已鉴定的蚜虫为害诱导的HIPVs对ORs的体外功能进行了研究。研究结果表明，在豌豆修尾蚜触角转录组中共鉴定出54个化学感受基因。注释到20个ORs基因，与豌豆蚜ORs进行氨基酸相似性分析，发现McraOR20和McraOR43分别与豌豆蚜的同源受体序列具有较高的保守性，且在触角中的表达量较高。因此对McraOR20和McraOR43的体外功能进行了研究，结果显示豌豆修尾蚜McraOR20与豌豆蚜中的同源基因ApisOR20均能特异地识别一种HIPV顺式-茉莉酮，而McraOR43对测试的11种HIPVs均无电生理反应。本研究证实了两种蚜虫的同源受体OR20均能特异性识别虫害诱导的植物挥发物顺式-茉莉酮，为发展蚜虫的行为调控策略提供了候选的嗅觉受体靶标。

 

该研究系统阐述了长期不同施肥对土壤剖面SOC和N库的影响，通过冗余分析了SOC团聚体组分及影响因素，三维表面分析深入理解剖面SOC和N库对作物产量的影响。与化肥处理相比，长期施用有机肥通过增加表土层 (0–20 cm）SOC输入、SOC储量、TN储量和土壤pH值来提高作物产量。不同施肥处理的SOC团聚体组分存在差异，所有处理SOC团聚体组分高低依次为矿物结合有机碳（mSOC）>粗自由颗粒有机碳（cfPOC）>物理保护有机碳（iPOC）>细自由颗粒有机碳（ffPOC）。施用有机肥处理的所有SOC组分含量均显著高于化肥处理。在不同SOC团聚体组分中，ffPOC对不同施肥处理的敏感性最高。单施有机肥（M）和有机无机肥配施（NPKM）显著提高了表层（0-20 cm）SOC和TN含量，与化肥处理相比，M和NPKM处理降低了深层土壤（80-100 cm）中的SOC和N含量，有利于减少养分垂直流动，从而减少养分的淋溶损失。

本研究从葡萄基因组中共鉴定出59个SCPL蛋白，并对该基因家族进行了染色体定位、序列比对、基因结构、系统进化，及保守结构域等生物信息学分析，该基因家族的鉴定严格按照SCPL结构域进行。系统进化分析结果表明，VvSCPL基因家族可被划分成3个亚家族，每个亚家族内的基因均具有高度保守的结构域。VvSCPL基因家族外显子数量介于1-19之间，表明葡萄SCPL基因存在较大的变异。转录组测序与qRT-PCR分析结果表明，VvSCPL基因的表达受干旱和淹水胁迫的诱导或抑制，表明该家族基因可能在应答非生物胁迫过程中发挥着一定的作用。本研究为深入了解葡萄VvSCPL基因的生理与生物学功能提供了有力参考。

Nitrogen (N) loss from fertilization in agricultural fields has an unavoidable negative impact on the environment and a better
understanding of the major pathways can assist in developing the best management practices. The aim of this study was
to evaluate the fate of N fertilizers applied to acidic red soil (Ferralic Cambisol) after 19 years of mineral (synthetic) and
manure fertilizer treatments under a cropping system with wheat-maize rotations. Five field treatments were examined:
control (CK), chemical nitrogen and potash fertilizer (NK), chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), chemical nitrogen,
phosphorus and potash fertilizer (NPK) and the NPK with manure (NPKM, 70% N from manure). Based on the soil
total N storage change in 0–100 cm depth, ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission, N plant uptake, and
the potential N leaching loss were estimated using a mass balance approach. In contrast to the NPKM, all mineral fertilizer
treatments (NK, NP and NPK) showed increased nitrate (NO₃^–-N) concentration with increasing soil depth, indicating higher
leaching potential. However, total NH3 volatilization loss was much higher in the NPKM (19.7%) than other mineral fertilizer
treatments (≤4.2%). The N₂O emissions were generally low (0.2–0.9%, the highest from the NPKM). Total gaseous loss
accounted for 1.7, 3.3, 5.1, and 21.9% for NK, NP, NPK, and NPKM treatments, respectively. Estimated N leaching loss
from the NPKM was only about 5% of the losses from mineral fertilizer treatments. All data demonstrated that manure
incorporation improved soil productivity, increased yield, and reduced potential leaching, but with significantly higher NH₃
volatilization, which could be reduced by improving the application method. This study confirms that manure incorporation is an essential strategy in N fertilization management in upland red soil cropping system.

Sucrose is known to play an important role in the cryopreservation of sperm and female gonads; however, its effect on the cryopreservation of pig spermatogonial stem cells (pSSCs) has not been tested.  The aim of this work was to study the effect of sucrose during pSSC cryopreservation and to find the most effective concentration in freezing medium.  pSSCs were cryopreserved with freezing media containing different concentrations of sucrose (70, 140, 210, and 280 mmol L^–1) and a control group without sucrose.  The survival rates, plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential of thawed cells were detected by trypan blue (TB) staining, SYBR-14/propidium iodide (PI) dual staining, and JC-1 staining, respectively.  All the staining results showed an obvious increase in cell survival in the sucrose-treated groups as compared to that in the control group, with the exception of 280 mmol L^–1 sucrose.  Moreover, the 210 mmol L^–1 sucrose group yielded the highest survival rate among all the groups (P<0.05).  The results of SYBR-14/PI dual staining and JC-1 staining were consistent with those of TB staining as above described.  Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that the mRNA levels of three apoptosis-promoting genes (BAX, APAF1 and CASPASE9) were significantly higher in thawed cells than in cells before freezing (P<0.05).  Moreover, the mRNA level of one anti-apoptotic gene (XIAP) was significantly lower in thawed cells than in cells before freezing (P<0.05).  When comparing the mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes in thawed cells, the mRNA level of the anti-apoptotic genes in the control group was significantly lower than that in the sucrose-treated
groups (P<0.05).  Western blot analyses showed that the expression levels of cleaved CASPASE9, CASPASE3 and PARP-1 in the sucrose-treated groups were lower than those in the control group and were the lowest in the 210 mmol L^–1 sucrose group.  Both qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses suggested that sucrose inhibited cell apoptosis during freezing and thawing.  Briefly, sucrose promoted pSSCs survival after freezing and thawing, especially at a concentration of 210 mmol L^–1, which possibly assisted pSSC dehydration and inhibited cell apoptosis.  These findings hold great promise for further studies of the regulatory mechanism of proliferation and differentiation of pSSCs. 

To decipher the relationship between the inhibited shoot growth and expression pattern of key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism under root restriction, the effects of root restriction on diurnal variation of expression of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS1-1, GS1-2, GS2) and glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT, NADH-GOGAT) genes and nitrogen levels were evaluated in two-year-old Jumeigui grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.×Vitis labrusca L.) when significant differences in shoot growth were observed between treatments at expansion stage (22 days after anthesis). Grapevines were planted in root-restricting pits as root restriction and in an unrestricted field as the control. Results showed that root restriction significantly reduced shoot growth, but promoted the growth of white roots and fibrous brown roots and improved the fruit quality. (NO3 –+NO2 –)-N concentration in all plant parts, NH4 +-N concentration in white roots and total N concentration in leaves and brown roots were significantly reduced under root restriction. Gene expression analysis revealed that mRNA levels of genes related to the GS1/NADH-GOGAT pathway were lower in root-restricted than in control petioles, whereas genes involved in the GS2/Fd-GOGAT pathway were up-regulated under root restriction. Root restriction also resulted in downregulation of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism in leaves, especially at 10:00, while transcript levels of all these genes were enhanced in root-restricted white and brown roots at most time points. This organ-dependent response contributed to the alteration in NO3 – reduction and NH4 + assimilation under root restriction, leading to less NO3 – transported from roots and then assimilated in root-restricted leaves. Therefore, this study implied that shoot growth inhibition in grapevines under root restriction is closely associated with down-regulation of gene expression in nitrogen metabolism in leaves.

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment (from 1990) through of the maize (Zea mays L.) growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study: zero-fertilizer application (CK), nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium (NPK) fertilizer application only, pig manure (M), NPK plus pig manure (NPKM) and NPK with straw (NPKS). Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil (NR) and the others are in the soil within the row (R). Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N (300 kg ha-1 yr-1). Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order: NPKS>M, NPKM>NPK>CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order: NPKS, NPKM>M>NPK>CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisture (0-20 cm) together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O fluxes per unit yield in NPKM (0.55 and 0.10 kg C t-1) and M (0.65 and 0.13 g N t-1) treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.

In recent years, subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) has been found to frequently infect layers in China. This virus is responsible for economic losses due to both mortality and decreased performance in chickens. In this study, 45-d-old cloned free-range layers were suspected to be infected with ALV and other immunosuppressive diseases because their feathers were unkempt and their growth rate was impaired. To estimate the infection status and determine the source of ALV-J in the flock, 30 cloacal swabs were randomly collected to measure the p27 antigen level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among the birds that were tested, 87% (26/30) were positive. In addition, 6 anticoagulant blood samples were aseptically collected at random from the flock when the layers were 60 d old. These samples were centrifuged to obtain the leukocytes, which were then used to inoculate chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells for the identification of ALV-J by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA). Of the samples tested, 100% (6/6) were positive. The flock’s production performance was also investigated, and 10 layers were necropsied to evaluate pathological changes at 115 d of age. The flock never laid eggs even though they reached the age of the first laying (110 d). Furthermore, there were pathological changes present, including atrophy of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, undeveloped ovaries, glandular stomach haemorrhage, and hepatosplenomegaly. Paraffin-embedded sections of intumescent liver and spleen were prepared for antigen localisation using IFA. Positive signals were prevalent in paraffin-embedded sections of the intumescent liver and spleen. Furthermore, provirus DNA was extracted from 4 cloned free-range layers, and 2 paternal parents (HR native cocks), and the gp85 gene of ALV-J was amplified by PCR to analyse the genetic variation. The results of the autogenous variation analysis showed that the 6 strains were 98.5-99.7% homologous. This study indicated that there was persistent infection with ALV-J by dynamic inspection, which seriously reduced the production performance of the flock. In addition, the genetic variation analysis showed that ALV-J in the flock was more likely to have originated from the paternal parent, the HR native cock.

A long-term field experiment was established to determine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil fertility. A tract of red soil (Ferralic Cambisol) in Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station (Qiyang County, Hunan Province, China) was fertilized beginning in 1990 and N2O and CO2 were examined during the maize and wheat growth season of 2007-2008. The study involved five treatments: organic manure (NPKM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), and control (CK). Manured soils had higher crop biomass, organic C, and pH than soils receiving the various mineralized fertilizers indicating that long-term application of manures could efficiently prevent red soil acidification and increase crop productivity. The application of manures and fertilizers at a rate of 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1 obviously increased N2O and CO2 emissions from 0.58 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1 and 10 565 kg C ha-1 yr-1 in the CK treatment soil to 3.01 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1 and 28 663 kg C ha-1 yr-1 in the NPKM treatment. There were also obvious different effects on N2O and CO2 emissions between applying fertilizer and manure. More N2O and CO2 released during the 184-d maize growing season than the 125- d wheat growth season in the manure fertilized soils but not in mineral fertilizer treatments. N2O emission was significantly affected by soil moisture only during the wheat growing season, and CO2 emission was affected by soil temperature only in CK and NP treatment during the wheat and maize growing season. In sum, this study indicates the application of organic manure may be a preferred strategy for maintaining red soil productivity, but may result in greater N2O and CO2 emissions than treatments only with mineral fertilizer.