Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae, CCN) distributes worldwide and has caused severe damage to cereal crops, and a model host will greatly aid in the study of this nematode.  In this research, we assessed the sensitivity of 25 inbred lines of Brachypodium distachyon to H. avenae from Beijing, China.  All lines of B. distachyon were infested by second-stage juveniles (J2s) of H. avenae from Daxing District of Beijing population, but only 13 inbred lines reproduced 0.2–3 cysts/plant, showing resistance.  The entire root system of the infested B. distachyon appeared smaller and the fibrous roots were shorter and less numerous.  We found that a dose of 1 000 J2s of H. avenae was sufficient for nematode infestation.  We showed that Koz-1 of B. distachyon could reproduce more cysts than TR2A line.  Line Koz-1 also supported the complete life cycles of 5 CCN geographical populations belonging to the Ha1 or Ha3 pathotype group.  Our results suggest that B. distachyon is a host for CCN.

Abiotic stress poses a great threat to plant growth and can lead to huge losses in yield.  Gene enolase2 (ENO2) is important in resistance to abiotic stress in various organisms.  ENO2 T-DNA insertion mutant (eno2^–) plants of Arabidopsis thaliana showed complete susceptibility to sodium chloride treatment when were analyzed either as whole plants or by measuring root growth during NaCl treatment.  Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to investigate the expression profile of ENO2 in response to NaCl stress in Arabidopsis.  The transcript level of ENO2 was rapidly elevated in 300 mmol L^–1 NaCl treatment.  ENO2 also responded to 300 mmol L^–1 NaCl treatment at the protein level.  To illuminate the mechanism underlying ENO2 resistance to salt at the transcriptional level, we studied the wild-type and eno2^– Arabidopsis lines that were treated with 300 mmol L^–1 NaCl for 18 h using 454 GS FLX, which resulted in an expressed sequence tag (EST) dataset.  A total of 961 up-regulated and 746 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the pairwise comparison WT-18 h:eno2^–-18 h.  The DEGs were identified and functionally annotated using the databases of Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG).  The identified unigenes were subjected to GO analysis to determine biological, molecular, and cellular functions.  The biological process was enriched in a total of 20 GO terms, the cellular component was enriched in 13 GO terms, and the molecular function was enriched in 11 GO terms.  Using KEGG mapping, DEGs with pathway annotations contributed to 115 pathways.  The top 3 pathways based on a statistical analysis were biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites (KO01110), plant-pathogen interactions (KO04626), and plant hormone signal transduction (KO04075).  Based on these results, ENO2 contributes to increased resistance to abiotic stress.  In particular, ENO2 is involved in some of the metabolic stress response pathways in Arabidopsis.  Our work also demonstrates that this EST dataset will be a powerful resource for further studies of ENO2, such as functional analyses, investigations of biological roles, and molecular breeding.  Additionally, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), 3-phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), and pyruvate kinase (PK) in glycolysis interactions with ENO2 were verified using the yeast two-hybrid experiment, and ENO2 may regulate the expression of PGK, PGK1, TPI, and PK.  Taken together, the results from this study reflects that ENO2 gene has an important role in the response to the high salt stress.

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), caused by the heterothallic ascomycete fungus Setosphaeria turcica, is a destructive foliar disease of maize and represents a serious threat to maize production worldwide. A comparative proteomic study was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the defense responses of the maize resistant line A619 Ht2 to S. turcica race 13. Leaf proteins were extracted from mock and S. turcica-infected leaves after inoculated for 72 h and analyzed for differentially expressed proteins using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry identification. 137 proteins showed reproducible differences in abundance by more than 2-fold at least, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 87 down-regulated proteins. 48 protein spots were successfully identified by MS analysis, which included 10 unique, 6 up-regulated, 20 down-regulated and 12 disappeared protein spots. These identified proteins were classified into 9 functional groups and involved in multiple functions, particularly in energy metabolism (46%), protein destination and storage (12%), and disease defense (18%). Some defense-related proteins were upregulated such as β-glucosidase, SOD, polyamines oxidase, HSC 70 and PPIases; while the expressions of photosynthesis- and metabolism-related proteins were down-regulated, by inoculation with S. turcica. The results indicated that a complex regulatory network was functioned in interaction between the resistant line A619 Ht2 and S. turcica. The resistance processes of A619 Ht2 mainly resided on directly releasing defense proteins, modulation of primary metabolism, affecting photosyntesis and carbohydrate metabolism.