综合栽培措施（ICPs）对提高谷物产量和资源利用效率至关重要。然而，ICPs对水稻根际环境和根系的影响尚不清楚。本研究对4个水稻品种开展了大田试验。设置了6种栽培措施处理，包括零氮处理（0 N）、当地常规（LFP）、减氮（NR）和3种渐进式综合栽培措施，包括增密减氮（ICP1），在ICP1的基础上用干湿交替灌溉替代常规灌溉（ICP2），以及在ICP2的基础上施用有机肥（ICP3）。ICPs可获得较高的产量和氮素利用效率。根长、干物重、根直径、根系氧化力、根系伤流量、玉米素和玉米素核苷含量以及根系分泌物中总有机酸含量随着ICPs的引入而提高。ICPs提高了根际和非根际土壤硝态氮、脲酶和转化酶活性以及微生物（细菌）多样性，降低了铵态氮含量。与非根际土壤相比，各处理下的根际土壤养分含量（铵态氮、全氮、全钾、全磷、硝酸盐和速效磷）和脲酶活性均降低，但转化酶活性和细菌多样性则相反。各主要生育期的根系形态生理特征和根际土壤铵态氮含量与产量和氮素利用效率密切相关。这些结果表明，在综合栽培措施下，水稻的高产可能得益于根系和根际环境的同步改善。

GDSL酯酶/脂肪酶家族包含许多功能基因，它们在植物的生长发育、形态建成、种子油脂合成和防御反应中发挥重要的生物学功能。GDSL酯酶/脂肪酶基因可响应生物和非生物胁迫。虽然GDSL酯酶/脂肪酶家族基因在其他植物中已被鉴定和研究，但它们在番茄中的分类和功能尚不清楚。本研究首次在番茄中鉴定了80个GDSL酯酶/脂肪酶家族基因成员，命名为SlGELP1-80。我们对这些基因在染色体上的位置进行了定位，并对它们的理化性质、基因结构、系统发育关系、共线关系和顺式作用元件进行了分析。SlGELP基因在番茄中的时空表达特征具有多样性。此外，结合RNA-seq分析表明，番茄接种Stemphylium lycopersici前后SlGELP基因的表达模式不同。用qRT-PCR方法验证了番茄接种S. lycopersici病原菌以及分别喷施SA和JA处理后5个显著差异SlGELP基因的表达。本研究首次利用生物信息学方法鉴定和分析了番茄GDSL酯酶/脂肪酶家族基因，为提高植物抗病性研究提供了新的思路。

Allopolyploidy has played an important role in plant evolution and heterosis.  Recent studies indicate that the process of wide hybridization and (or) polyploidization may induce rapid and extensive genetic and epigenetic changes in some plant species.  To better understand the allopolyploidy evolutionism and the genetic mechanism of Arachis interspecific hybridization, this study was conducted to monitor the gene expression variation by cDNA start codon targeted polymorphism (cDNA-SCoT) and cDNA high-frequency oligonucleotide-targeting active gene (cDNA-HFO-TAG) techniques, from the hybrids (F₁) and newly synthesized allopolyploid generations (S₀-S₃) between tetraploid cultivated peanut Zhongkaihua 4 with diploid wild one Arachis doigoi. Rapid and considerable gene expression variations began as early as in the F₁ hybrid or immediately after chromosome doubling.  Three types of gene expression changes were observed, including complete silence (gene from progenitors was not expressed in all progenies), incomplete silence (gene expressed only in some progenies) and new genes activation.  Those silent genes mainly involved in RNA transcription, metabolism, disease resistance, signal transduction and unknown functions.  The activated genes with known function were almost retroelements by cDNA-SCoT technique and all metabolisms by cDNA-HFO-TAG.  These findings indicated that interspecific hybridization and ploidy change affected gene expression via genetic and epigenetic alterations immediately upon allopolyploid formation, and some obtained transcripts derived fragments (TDFs) probably could be used in the research of molecular mechanism of Arachis allopolyploidization which contribute to thwe genetic diploidization of newly formed allopolyploids.  Our research is valuable for understanding of peanut evolution and improving the utilization of putative and beneficial genes from the wild peanut.

Apart from the long-term effects of climate change, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events have been increasing. Given the risks posed by climate change, particularly the changes in extreme weather events, the question of how to adapt to these changes and mitigate their negative impacts has received great attention from policy makers. The overall goals of this study are to examine whether farmers adapt to extreme weather events through crop diversification and which factors influence farmers’ decisions on crop diversification against extreme weather events in China. To limit the scope of this study, we focus on drought and flood events only. Based on a unique large-scale household survey in nine provinces, this study finds that farmers respond to extreme weather events by increasing crop diversification. Their decision to diversify crops is significantly influenced by their experiences of extreme weather events in the previous year. Such results are understandable because farmers’ behaviors are normally based on their expectations. Moreover, household characteristics also affect farmers’ decisions on crop diversification strategy, and their effects differ by farmers’ age and gender. This paper concludes with several policy implications.