Journal of Integrative Agriculture ›› 2026, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (5): 2063-2076.DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.09.029

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黄土旱塬麦区土壤残留氮素较磷和钾表现出更低的稳定性，更大程度影响小麦产量形成

  

  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01 修回日期:2025-09-26 接受日期:2025-08-29 出版日期:2026-05-20 发布日期:2026-04-11

Residual nitrogen exhibits lower stability and greater influence on wheat yield formation compared to phosphorus and potassium in drylands of the Loess Plateau

Yufeng Wang1, Zixuan Chang1, Jiayu Wang1, Tingliang Li1, 2#, Zhiping Yang1, 2#   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China

    2 Soil Health Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030031, China

  • Received:2025-04-01 Revised:2025-09-26 Accepted:2025-08-29 Online:2026-05-20 Published:2026-04-11
  • About author:Yufeng Wang, E-mail: luckytll@yeah.net; #Correspondence Tingliang Li, E-mail: litingliang021@126.com; Zhiping Yang, E-mail: yzpsx0208@163.com
  • Supported by:

    This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1900402 and 2021YFD1900700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42377356), and the special fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province, China (202304051001042).

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摘要：

2015年，中国实施了化肥使用量零增长行动方案。此后，针对化肥过量施用问题，研究重点主要集中在化肥减量有机替代方面，而对因前期过量施肥导致的土壤残留养分的持续供应能力关注相对不足。为进一步探究作物生产过程中土壤残留养分的转化动态与持续供应能力，本研究基于黄土高原旱地小麦种植区6年定位试验，系统分析了农户施肥（FF）、监控施肥（RF）、监控施肥缺氮（RF-N）、监控施肥缺磷（RF-P）及监控施肥缺钾（RF-K）5个处理下小麦产量形成、土壤氮磷钾组分变化及其稳定性特征，并分析了产量与养分动态之间的关系。研究结果表明，小麦产量对养分缺失的敏感性表现为N>P>K。在整个试验期间，不施氮处理（RF-N）的小麦平均产量较RF处理显著降低22.0%（P<0.05）。相应地，该处理下土壤矿质态氮、轻组有机氮（LFON）和重组有机氮（HFON）含量相较于试验初始土壤（2018年）及RF处理均呈逐步下降趋势；而可溶性有机氮（DON）与易氧化态有机氮（EON）因氮组分内部转化作用，呈现先下降后上升的变化特征。连续6年不施磷肥（RF-P）条件下，土壤中水溶态磷（H2O-P）、碳酸氢钠态磷（NaHCO3-P）和氢氧化钠态磷（NaOH-P）较RF处理分别降低了40.0%、51.5%和10.3%，而盐酸态磷（HCl-P）、残渣态磷（residual P）及总磷（total P）无显著变化。连续6年不施钾处理（RF-K）条件下，土壤水溶性钾（WSK）含量较RF处理下降10.9%，但交换态钾（EK）、非交换态钾（NEK）、矿物态钾（MK）及总钾（TK）均未发生显著变化。总体表明，土壤残留养分持续供应过程中，氮库的稳定性低于磷和钾。进一步分析发现，硝态氮（NO3-N）与轻组有机氮（LFON）显著影响旱地小麦穗数与穗粒数，从而驱动产量形成。本研究深化了对土壤残留养分持续供应能力的理解，为旱地农业生态系统施肥策略优化提供了理论依据。

Abstract:

Following the implementation of China’s “Zero-Growth Action Plan on Fertilizers” in 2015, research has predominantly focused on replacing synthetic fertilizers with organic amendments to address over-fertilization concerns.  However, insufficient attention has been given to the sustainable supply capacity of soil residual nutrients accumulated from previous over-fertilization.  To investigate the transformation dynamics and supply capacity of residual nutrients during crop production, a six-year field experiment was conducted in the dryland wheat growing region of China’s Loess Plateau.  Five treatments were established: farmer’s fertilization (FF), regulated fertilization (RF), regulated fertilization without N (RF-N), regulated fertilization without P (RF-P), and regulated fertilization without K (RF-K).  The study examined wheat yield formation, variations and stability of soil N, P, and K fractions, and their correlations with yield.  Results indicated that wheat yield sensitivity to nutrient deficiency followed the sequence N>P>K.  During the six-year period, the average yield under RF-N decreased by 22.0% compared to RF, showing statistical significance (P<0.05).  Mineral N, light fraction organic N (LFON), and heavy fraction organic N (HFON) in RF-N showed progressive decline relative to RF and initial 2018 levels.  Dissolved organic N (DON) and easily oxidizable organic N (EON) in RF-N initially decreased but subsequently increased due to N fraction transformations.  Under RF-P, H2O-P, NaHCO3-P, and NaOH-P levels decreased by 40.0, 51.5, and 10.3% respectively (P<0.05) compared to the RF treatment, while HCl-P, residual P, and total P (TP) remained stable.  The absence of K application (RF-K) reduced water-soluble K (WSK) by 10.9% (P<0.05), whereas exchangeable K (EK), non-exchangeable K (NEK), mineral K (MK), and total K (TK) showed no significant changes compared to the RF treatment.  These findings demonstrated that the soil nitrogen pool exhibits lower stability compared to phosphorus and potassium pools during continuous residual nutrient supply.  Notably, NO3-N and LFON significantly influenced spike number and kernels per spike, driving yield formation.  This research advances our understanding of sustained residual nutrient supply capacity in soil and provides theoretical foundations for optimizing fertilization strategies in dryland agroecosystems.

Key words: dryland wheat , yield formation , soil nutrient fractions , soil residual nutrient supply capacity , calcareous soil