The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2022.07.025

Journal of Integrative Agriculture ›› 2022, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (9): 2767-2776.DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.07.025

收稿日期:2022-01-06 接受日期:2022-05-26 出版日期:2022-09-01 发布日期:2022-05-26

The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice

REN Chuan-ying^{1, 2}, LU Shu-wen², GUAN Li-jun², HONG Bin², ZHANG Ying-lei², HUANG Wen-gong³, LI Bo², LIU Wei⁴, LU Wei-hong¹

¹School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, P.R.China
²Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, P.R.China
³Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, P.R.China
⁴The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, P.R.China

Received:2022-01-06 Accepted:2022-05-26 Online:2022-09-01 Published:2022-05-26
About author:REN Chuan-ying, E-mail: chuanying1023@163.com; Correspondence LU Wei-hong, E-mail: lwh@hit.edu.cn
Supported by:
This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD2100902), the Major Science and Technology Program of Heilongjiang, China (2019ZX08B02), the Research Funding for Scientific Research Institutes in Heilongjiang Province, China (CZKYF2021B001), the National Rice Industry Technology System, China (CARS-01-50), and the Heilongjiang Touyan Team, China (HITTY-20190034).

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究以华北玉麦轮作农田石灰性土壤为研究对象，针对玉米和小麦季的两次施肥事件，采用¹⁵N气体通量法（¹⁵NGF）对田间原位土壤N₂通量进行为期一周的观测。施用肥料为¹⁵N标记尿素（丰度为99 atom％），施用量为130（玉米季）和150（小麦季）kg N ha^–1；并于施肥后的第一、三和五天（缩写DAF 1、DAF 3和DAF 5）进行模拟灌水，控制灌水后土壤湿度达~60% WFPS。结果显示：当罩箱时间为2、4和6 h时，土壤N₂通量的检测限分别为163–1565、81–485和54–281 μg N m^–2 h^–1。土壤N₂通量为159–2943（平均：811）μg N m^–2 h^–1，98.3%的通量数据高于其检测限（即120个观测数据中仅2个达不到通量检测限）。灌溉时间显著影响玉米季观测期内的土壤N₂平均通量，DAF 3处理较DAF 1和DAF 5处理高约80%（p<0.01）；而在小麦季，不同灌溉时间的N₂通量无差异。而且，玉米季观测期内的N₂通量和氧化亚氮（N₂O）与N₂产物比（N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)）均较小麦季高约65%和11倍（p<0.01）。该差异主要归因于玉米季观测期内更高的土壤湿度、温度和氮底物的有效性，利用反硝化贡献N2排放和N₂O/（N₂O+N2）比值。该研究表明¹⁵NGF方法可应用于原位定量集约化石灰性农田土壤的N₂通量。

Abstract:

Germination and processing are always accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic compositions of rice. In this study, polished rice (rice), brown rice, wet germinated brown rice (WGBR), high temperature and pressure-treated WGBR (WGBR-HTP), and low temperature-treated WGBR (WGBR-T18) were enrolled. An untargeted metabolomics assay isolated 6 122 positive ions and 4 224 negative ions (multiple difference ≥1.2 or ≤0.8333, P<0.05, and VIP≥1) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrum. These identified ions were mainly classified into three categories, including the compounds with biological roles, lipids, and phytochemical compounds. In addition to WGBR-T18 vs. WGBR, massive differential positive and negative ions were revealed between rice of different forms. Flavonoids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and organoxygen compounds were the dominant differential metabolites. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, there 7 metabolic pathways (phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, betalain biosynthesis, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism) were determined between brown rice and rice. Germination changed the metabolic pathways of porphyrin and chlorophyll, pyrimidine, and purine metabolisms in brown rice. In addition, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism were differential metabolic pathways between WGBR-HTP and WGBR-T18. To sum up, there were obvious variations in metabolic compositions of rice, brown rice, WGBR, and WGBR-HTP. The changes of specific metabolites, such as flavonoids contributed to the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects of GBR. HTP may further improve the nutrition and storage of GBR through influencing specific metabolites, such as flavonoids and fatty acids.

Key words: brown rice , germination , metabolomics , metabolic pathway , high temperature and pressure

. [J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(9): 2767-2776.

REN Chuan-ying, LU Shu-wen, GUAN Li-jun, HONG Bin, ZHANG Ying-lei, HUANG Wen-gong, LI Bo, LIU Wei, LU Wei-hong.

The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice [J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(9): 2767-2776.

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The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice

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