Does nitrogen application rate affect the moisture content of corn grains?

doi:10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63401-3

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究2017年和2018年的种植密度为12.0×10⁴ 株 ha^-1，在施氮量为0-450 kg ha^-1范围内设置4种不同氮肥处理；2019年种植密度分别为7.5×10⁴和12.0×10⁴ 株 ha^-1，在施氮量为0-765 kg ha^-1范围内设置18种不同氮肥处理。通过测定不同处理下玉米生育期、绿叶的叶面积指数（LAI）、籽粒含水量和籽粒脱水率指标，阐明施氮量对玉米籽粒含水量的影响。结果表明，施氮量从0增加到765 kg ha^-1，玉米吐丝期推迟约1天，成熟期推迟约1-2天。在生理成熟期和生理成熟期后，不同施氮量处理下籽粒含水量极差为1.9-4.0％。随着施氮量的增加，生理成熟后玉米籽粒的脱水率降低，但施氮量与籽粒脱水率之间没有统计学意义。生理成熟期叶面积指数与生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率之间无显著相关性。总之，施氮对玉米生理成熟期和成熟后籽粒含水量均有影响，但不同施氮量对籽粒含水量的影响较小。以上结果表明，在生产中不需要考虑施氮对玉米籽粒含水量的影响。

Abstract:

Nitrogen fertilizer application is an important measure to obtain high and stable corn yield, and the moisture content of corn grains is an important factor affecting the quality of mechanical grain harvesting. In this study, four different nitrogen fertilizer treatments from 0 to 450 kg ha^–1 pure nitrogen were set for a planting density of 12.0×104 plants ha^–1 in 2017 and 2018, and 18 different nitrogen fertilizer treatments from 0 to 765 kg ha^–1 pure nitrogen were set for planting densities of 7.5×10⁴ and 12.0×10⁴ plants ha^–1 in 2019, to investigate the effect of nitrogen application rate on the moisture content of corn grains. Under each treatment, the growth of corn, leaf area index (LAI) of green leaves, grain moisture content, and grain dehydration rate were measured. The results showed that, as nitrogen application increased from 0 to 765 kg ha^–1, the silking stage was delayed by about 1 day, the maturity stage was delayed by about 1–2 days, and the number of physiologically mature green leaves and LAI increased. At and after physiological maturity, the extreme difference in grain moisture content between different nitrogen application rates was 1.9–4.0%. As the amount of nitrogen application increased, the corn grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity decreased, but it did not reach statistical significance between nitrogen application rate and grain dehydration rate. No significant correlation was observed between LAI at physiological maturity and grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity. In short, nitrogen application affected the grain moisture content of corn at and after physiological maturity, however, the difference in grain moisture content among different nitrogen application rates was small. These results suggest that the effect of nitrogen application on the moisture content of corn grains should not be considered in agricultural production.

Key words: nitrogen , corn , grain moisture content , leaf area index , physiological maturity

. [J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(10): 2627-2638.

ZHANG Yuan-meng, XUE Jun, ZHAI Juan, ZHANG Guo-qiang, ZHANG Wan-xu, WANG Ke-ru, MING Bo, HOU Peng, XIE Rui-zhi, LIU Chao-wei, LI Shao-kun. Does nitrogen application rate affect the moisture content of corn grains?[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(10): 2627-2638.

参考文献

Bauer P J, Carter P R. 1986. Effect of seeding date, plant density, moisture availability, and soil nitrogen fertility on maize kernel breakage susceptibility. Crop Science, 26, 1220–1226.
Borras L, Westgate M E, Otegui M E. 2003. Control of kernel weight and kernel water relations by post-flowering source-sink ratio in maize. Annals of Botany, 91, 857–867.
Brooking I R. 1990. Maize ear moisture during grain-filling, and its relation to physiological maturity and grain-drying. Field Crops Research, 23, 55–68.
Cao S B, Zhang J W, Dong S T, Liu P, Zhao B, Yang J S. 2012. Effects of nitrogen rate and planting density on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of high yield summer maize. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 18, 1343–1353. (in Chinese)
Chai Z W, Wang K R, Guo Y Q, Xie R Z, Li L L, Ming B, Hou P, Liu C W, Chu Z D, Zhang W X, Zhang G Q, Liu G Z, Li S K. 2017. Current status of maize mechanical grain harvesting and its relationship with grain moisture content. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 50, 2036–2043. (in Chinese)
Dutta P K. 1986. Effects of grain moisture, drying methods, and variety on breakage susceptibility of shelled corns as measured by the Wisconsin Breakage Tester. Ph D thesis, Iowa State University, Ames.
Gambin B L, Borras L, Otegui M E. 2007. Kernel water relations and duration of grain filling in maize temperate hybrids. Field Crops Research, 101, 1–9.
Gao S, Ming B, Li L L, Xie R Z, Xue J, Hou P, Wang K R, Li S K. 2018. Relationship between grain dehydration and meteorological factors in the Yellow-Huai-Hai rivers summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 44, 1755–1763. (in Chinese)
Gerde J A, Tamagno S, Juan C, Paola D, Borrás L. 2016. Genotype and nitrogen effects over maize kernel hardness and endosperm zein profles. Crop Science, 56, 1225–1233.
Giles J. 2005. Nitrogen study fertilizes fears of pollution. Nature, 433, 791.
Gunasekaran S, Paulsen M R. 1985. Breakage resistance of corn as a function of drying rates. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 28, 2071–2076.
Guo Y, Xue J, Ming B, Hou J, Fan Y, Dong P, Wang K, Xie R, Hou P, Li S. 2020. Kernel hardness of different maize cultivars and the relationship between kernel hardness and moisture content. Journal of Maize Sciences, 28, 122–127. (in Chinese)
Hallauer A R, Russell W A. 1961. Effect of selected weather factors on grain moisture reduction from silking to physiologic maturity in corn. Agronomy Journal, 53, 225–229.
Hicks D R, Geadelmann J L, Peterson R H. 1976. Drying rates of frosted maturing maize. Agronomy Journal, 68, 452–455.
Jia L, Li F H, Liu J L, Yu Y X, Lu X L, Wang H W, Zhu M, Du W L. 2019. Study on suitable kernel dehydration rate and corresponding traits for mechanical kernel harvest in maize. Journal of Maize Sciences, 27, 136–141. (in Chinese)
Li F H, Guo J L, Yu T, Shi Z S. 2012. Comparative study on dehydration rate of kernel among maize hybrids and parents with different maturity periods. Journal of Maize Sciences, 20, 17–20, 24. (in Chinese)
Li L L, Lei X P, Xie R Z, Wang K R, Hou P, Zhang F L, Li S K. 2017a. Analysis of influential factors on mechanical grain harvest quality of summer maize. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 50, 2044–2051. (in Chinese)
Li L L, Xie R Z, Wang K R, Ming B, Hou P, Li S K. 2017b. Kernel moisture content of summer maize at physiological maturity stage in Huanghuaihai region. Crops, 2, 88–92. (in Chinese)
Li L L, Xue J, Xie R Z, Wang K R, Ming B, Hou P, Gao S, Li S K. 2018a. Effects of grain moisture content on mechanical grain harvesting quality of summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 44, 1747–1754. (in Chinese)
Li S K, Wang K R, Xie R Z, Li L L, Ming B, Hou P, Chu Z D, Zhang W X, Liu C W. 2017. Grain breakage rate of maize by mechanical harvesting in China. Crops, 2, 76–80. (in Chinese)
Liu F H, Wang K R, Li J, Wang X M, sun Y L, Chen Y S, Wang Y H, Han D S, Li S K. 2013. Factors affecting corn mechanically harvesting grain quality. Crops, 4, 116–119. (in Chinese)
Liu G Z, Hou P, Xie R Z, Ming B, Wang K R, Xu W J, Liu W M, Yang Y S, Li S K. 2017. Canopy characteristics of high-yield maize with yield potential of 22.5 Mg ha–1. Field Crops Research, 213, 221–230.
Liu K, Ma B L, Luan L M, Li C H. 2011. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient effects on grain filling and yield of high-yielding summer corn. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34, 1516–1531.
Liu X, Wang Q C, Liu K C, Li Z X, Zhang H. 2010. Response of grain weight to nitrogen and correlation and path analysis on grain filling parameters. Journal of Maize Sciences, 18, 90–95. (in Chinese)
Liu Y J, Kong Q X, Su S B. 2009. Research progress of nitrogen metabolism mechanism in maize. Journal of Maize Science, 17, 135–138. (in Chinese)
Maddonni G A, Otefui M E. 2006. Intra-specific competition in maize: Contribution of extreme plant hierarchies to grain yield, grain yield components and kernel composition. Field Crops Research, 97, 155–166．
Mann C C. 1999. Crop scientists seek a new revolution. Science, 283, 310–314.
Meng Q P, Zhang Y Q, Chang S J, Li G J, Li Jing, Li B C, Liu F C. 2007. Preliminary study on the main related characters of the best harvesting period of maize. Journal of Maize Sciences, 15, 117–118, 122. (in Chinese)
Ming B, Wang K R, Xie R Z, Hou P, Li S K. 2018. Researches on maize grain dehydration and countermeasures for mechanical grain harvesting. Crops, 6, 17–21. (in Chinese)
Ming B, Xie R Z, Hou P, Li L L, Wang K R, Li S K. 2017. Changes of maize planting density in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 11, 1960–1972. (in Chinese)
Ouattar S, Jones R J, Crookston R K, Kajeiou M. 1987. Effect of drought on water relations of developing maize kernels. Crop Science, 27, 730–735.
Peaslee D E. 1977. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrition on yield, rates of kernel growth and grain filling periods of two corn hybrids. Journal of Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 8, 373–389.
Peng T T, Bian S F, Zhao H X, Zhang L H, Sun N, Yan W P. 2015. Effect of unbalanced nitrogen on grain filling rate and yield of maize. Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences, 40, 50–53. (in Chinese)
Seyyed G M. 2012. The effect of water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilizer levels on morphology traits, yield and leaf area index in maize. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44, 1351–1355.
Shaw R H, Loomis W E. 1950. Bases for the prediction of corn yields. Plant Physiology, 25, 225–244.
Sun Z X, Zou X J, Zhang X, An J W. 2011. Effects of maize yield and N application on N utilization and content of soil nitrate. Journal of Maize Sciences, 5, 119–123. (in Chinese)
Timlin D J, Fleisher D H, Kemanian A R, Reddy, Vangimalla R. 2014. Plant density and leaf area index effects on the distribution of light transmittance to the soil surface in maize. Agronomy Journal, 106, 1828–1837.
Troyer A F, Ambrose W B.1971. Plant characteristics affecting field drying rate of ear corn. Crop Science, 11, 529–531.
Vyn T J, Moes J. 1988. Breakage susceptibility of corn kernels in relation to crop management under long growing season conditions. Agronomy Journal, 80, 915–920.
Wan Z H, Ren B C, Zhao B, Liu P, Dong S T, Zhang J W. 2018. Grain filling and dehydration characteristics of summer maize hybrids differing in maturities and effect of plant density. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 44, 1517–1526. (in Chinese)
Wang B, Liu D L, Xue L, Zhang Z L. 2018. Effects of planting density on kernel moisture content and dehydration rate after corn physiological maturity. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 46, 38–40. (in Chinese)
Wang F, Xue J, Wang Q, Chen J L, Zhang G Q, Wang K R, Ming B, Hou P, Xie R Z, Li S K. 2020. Effect of irrigation amount on maize grain moisture during dehydration at the later growth stage. Journal of Maize Sciences, 28, 100–105. (in Chinese)
Wang K R, Li L L, Guo Y Q, Fan P P, Chai Z W, Hou P, Xie R Z, Li S K. 2016. Effects of different mechanical operation on maize grain harvest quality. Journal of Maize Sciences, 24, 114–116. (in Chinese)
Wang K R, Li S K. 2017a. Analysis of influencing factors on kernel dehydration rate of maize hybrids. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 50, 2027–2035. (in Chinese)
Wang K R, Li S K. 2017b. Progresses in research on grain broken rate by mechanical grain harvesting. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 50, 2018–2026. (in Chinese)
Wang Z. 1999. Plant Physiology. China Agriculture Press, Beijing. pp. 80–85. (in Chinese)
Westgate M E, Boyer J S. 1986. Reproduction at low silk and pollen water potentials in maize. Crop Science, 26, 951–956.
Widdicombe W D, Thelen K D. 2002. Row width and plant density effects on corn grain production in the northern corn belt. Agronomy Journal, 94, 1020–1023.
Xue J Q, Zhang R H, Ma G S, Lu H D, Zhang X H, Li F Y, Hao Y C, Tai S J. 2010. Effects of plant density, nitrogen application, and water stress on yield formation of maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 36, 1022–1029. (in Chinese)
Yang Y S, Guo X X, Liu H F, Hou P, Liu G Z, Liu W M, Ming B, Xie R Z, Wang K R, Li S K. 2019. Effect of shading on grain moisture content of maize under different density conditions. Journal of Maize Sciences, 28, 142–147. (in Chinese)
Zang H Z, Wang Y J, Zhang J, Feng X, Hu F, Zhao Q, Li G Q, Zheng G Q. 2017. Grain yield and nitrogen use characteristics of high-yield maize cultivars under different density and nitrogen regimes. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 32, 196–200. (in Chinese)
Zhang G Q, Shen D P, Xie R Z, Ming B, Hou P, Xue J, Li R F, Chen J L, Wang K R, Li S K. 2020. Optimizing planting density to improve nitrogen use of super high-yield maize. Agronomy Journal, 112, 4147–4158.